The purpose of this study was to compare winning points and winning techniques of World Senior Judo Championships (WC) in 1995,1997, and 1999 in order to clarify trends of modern competitive judo of the world. Winning points, winning techniques, type of winning techniques, and content of win by penalties of all the matches were statistically compared among the three WCs.
Major findings are: (1) more than 50% of the total matches were won by ippon and the ratio increased through the three WCs, (2) ashi-waza was the most popular throwing technique group of the three WCs while katame-waza showed decreasing tendency, (3) the nage-wazas usually executed with normal kumikata (gripping) tended to increase while those without grip control decreased, (4) the most common penalty was “non-combativity” which occurred over 60% of all penalties, (5)win by penalties showed the highest rate in 1997 but reduced in 1999.
The recent changes of refereeing and sports rules seem to influence contents of competitive judo. Further studies regarding the style changes in world competitive judo are needed for keeping the competitive level of Japan judo and for sound development of Kodokan judo.

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The All-Japan Judo Championships (AJJC) is an open-weight tournament for determining the best judoka in Japan. The AJJC has been held under the Kodokan Judo Refereeing Rules (KDK Rules) since 1951. In 2011, the All-Japan Judo Federation (AJJF) introduced the International Judo Federation Refereeing Rules (IJF Rules), which were formulated to facilitate more dynamic judo (increased wins by ippon, decreased wins by judges’ decisions, and decreased mate-time). Although the IJF Rules has facilitated dynamic judo in international competitions, their effects on the competition contents in the AJJC are still unknown. Here, we aimed to clarify whether the introduction of the IJF Rules facilitated dynamic judo in the AJJC.
The 221 judo matches in the AJJC from 2008 to 2013 were separated into two groups, the tournaments following the KDK Rules (2008-2010) and those following the IJF Rules (2011-2013). Their data were extracted from the AJJC records by Judo, the official Kodokan journal, and from the match videos recorded by the AJJF. We analyzed the proportions of winning contents (wins by ippon or superior performance), winning methods (points from techniques or penalties, or judges’ decisions), techniques for getting points (te-waza, koshi-waza, ashi-waza, sutemi-waza, or katame-waza) and the mate-time for each match. A chi-square test and an independent t-test were used to perform statistical analyses, and for each test, statistical significance was assumed at P value < 0.05.
For the winning methods of the IJF Rules’ and the KDK Rules’ tournaments, the proportion of points from techniques (60.4% vs. 53.6%) and points from penalties (23.4% vs. 15.5%) showed no differences, but the proportion of wins by judges’ decisions in the IJF Rules’ tournaments was significantly lower than in the KDK Rules’ tournaments (16.2% vs. 30.9%) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mate-time in the IJF Rules’ tournaments was significantly shorter than in the KDK Rules’ tournaments (77 s vs. 105 s) (P < 0.01). However, the winning contents and techniques for obtaining points showed no differences between the IJF Rules’ and the KDK Rules’ tournaments.
We confirmed for the first time that the IJF Rules did not affect the winning contents and techniques for getting points, but decreased the proportion of judges’ decisions and mate-time in the AJJC. These findings suggest that the IJF Rules partially facilitated dynamic judo in the AJJC.

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本研究では図解を用いて，直感的に概要を把握できるニュースの要約を自動生成することを目指している．しかし，日本語の文章では文の要素が頻繁に省略されるため，記事をそのまま用いることはできない．本研究では，センタリング理論を応用した人，組織・団体の名詞に着目したゼロ代名詞補間手法と，動詞シソーラスを用いた図解の階層管理手法を提案する．生成した要約を既存サービスの要約と比較することで，図解が概要の把握に有用であることを確認した．

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This research aimed to clarify whether the International Judo Federation Refereeing Rules 2014-2016 (New-IJF Rules) facilitated dynamic judo in the All-Japan Judo Championships (AJJC). Therefore, Kodokan Judo Refereeing Rules’ tournaments (KDK Rules’ tournaments), International Judo Federation Refereeing Rules’ tournaments (IJF Rules’ tournaments), and New-IJF Rules’ tournaments were compared. The following results were obtained.
Regarding winning contents, in the New-IJF Rules’ tournaments wins by ippon significantly increased whereas wins by superior performance significantly decreased when compared to KDK Rules’ tournaments. Furthermore, for winning methods, points from techniques significantly increased but judges’ decisions significantly decreased in the New-IJF Rules’ tournaments when compared to KDK Rules’ tournaments. However, concerning total points, the results did not show significant differences.
As a result, this research confirmed that the New-IJF Rules increased the wins by ippon and points from techniques in relation to winning methods, and decreased the superior performance and judges’ decisions in the AJJC. These findings suggest that the New-IJF Rules facilitated dynamic judo in the AJJC.

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　オリンピックメダルやメダリストが､メディアによってどのように描かれているのかを物語の観点から明らかにするために、1952年ヘルシンキ大会から2008年北京大会を報じた「朝日新聞」の記事を対象に、内容分析を行った。
　我が国のメダリストに関する分析から、次のことが明らかとなった。メダルの多くが体操、柔道、レスリング、水泳などの種目で獲得されていた。近年、オリンピック新種目での女子選手の活躍が顕著であった。多様な企業に所属する選手が増加傾向にあった。
　オリンピックでメダルを獲得することは、我が国の国力を世界に向けて示すことであり、メダリストの養成は国策として報じられていた。1970年代前半までのメダリストのメディアイメージは、類い希なる「根性」の持ち主であり、メダリストには超人的な存在の名が冠せられた。精神主義を介してつながる、国家と個人の関係イメージを指摘できた。
　東西両陣営によるオリンピックを通した国力の誇示、オリンピックの商業主義が進行する状況で、商業資本を利用したメダルの獲得は、ますます国策として位置づけられるようになった。この時期のメディアは、プレッシャーに負けず実力を存分に発揮する選手を理想のアスリート像として提示した。
　1990年代前半のスポーツをめぐる状況の変化のなかで、新しいタイプのメダリストがメディアに登場した。この時期の報道は、メダリストの個人情報に焦点化したものが多く、彼らをひとつのロールモデルとして位置づけているように思われた。このような報道においては、国策としてのメダル獲得と、メダリスト個人の体験はつながりを失ったものとしてイメージできた。しかし時に、選手の振る舞いや言動を通して、国家や組織から自由ではないアスリートの姿がメディアに描かれることもあった。スポーツの商業主義化やメディアの多様化は、今後、国策としてのメダル獲得とメダリスト個人の関係をますます複雑・多様化すると考えられた。

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