The various offices held under the Japanese Ritsuryo system can be divided into four types according to their appointing authorities : (a)chokuninkan (勅任官), or those offices appointed by the wishes of the Emperor : (b)soninkan (奏任官), or those offices originally selected as candidates by the Dajokan (太政官) and then, officially appointed through Imperial sanction. (c)hanninkan (判任官), or those offices appointed directly by the Dajokan itself. (d)hanbukan (判補官), or those officials appointed by two departments under the Dajokan, the ministry of civil personnel (式部省), and the ministry of military personnel (兵部省). In this essay the author investigates (a) and (b) with respect to the problems of what particular types of diplomatic forms were used, what ceremonies were carried out, and how both diplomatic forms and ceremonies changed during the 9th century. From this study the author was able to make clear the following three points : (1)Under the Ritsuryo system, the process of informing a candidate of his official appointment through a written diplomatic, a process similar to the modern day appointment by jirei (辞令), or written govermment order adressed directly to the appointee, had not been established. In the case of both appointment types (a) and (b), appointees were officially informed verbally before the Emperor in the Daigokuden (大極殿), the hall for public affairs and ceremonies, and its anterior courtyard. (2)Throughout the 8th century, before the appointment ceremonies, three separate diplomatics were drawn up. First, for both (a) and (b) types, a register of candidates was constructed (in later times this list was called omagaki (大間書)). Then, in the case of (a), an Imperial order, or choku (勅), naming the appointees was written. In the case of (b), a report to the Emperor, or Dajokan-so (太政官奏), naming the appointees to be approved by the Emperor was drawn up. Afterwards during the appointment ceremonies, both the Imperial order and the Dajokan reports were read aloud to all gathered. (3)At the advent of the 9th century, the appointment ceremonies came to be conducted in the Dairi (内裏), that is, the Emperor's quarters. And also, during the same time, as the high level bureaucrats in the Dajokan, or kugyo (公卿), became more and more conscious of their special political position, at the appointment ceremonies, kugyo appointees no longer lined up in front of the Emperor, but were ushered to special seats of distinction. For this reason, in the 9th century, kugyo who were also appointed to an office of type (b) came to be reported to the Emperor by a special Dajokan-so which was different from that reporting other appointees.

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