It is generally known that in the class Archnida the order Scorpiones are the most primitive group from the morphological view and also from the palaeontological evidence. But the interrelionships between the other orders are very obscure. Most of them appeared and seemed to have thrived in the Carboniferous Period. At that time they were already each equipped with specialized structures which can be distinguishable from each other, moreover, some primitive characters are seen independantly in a few groups. The primitive arachnids seem to have developed from the fresh- or brackish-water Merostomata or their allies and to have landed possibly in the Silurian Period. They were probably many-segmented and furnished with lung-books which were changed from the gills of the Merostomata. They were possibly nocturnal in habits, and dwelled in hollows, cavities of rocks or holes of woods, or concealed themselves under fallen leaves or under stones in the day time. During the progress of evolution, the following morphological changes seem to have gradually occurred in the arachnids; fusion of the prosoma with the opisthosoma, especially remarkable in the Acarina and Opiliones; reduction of abdominal segments; specialization of the chelicerae and pedipalpi; specialization of ambulacratory legs, reduction of abdominal appendages, centralization of nervous and circulatory systems; transition of respiratory organs, from lung-books to trachea; change of excretory system, from coxal glands to Malpighian canals. On the otherhand, the following oecological changes seem to have occurred in some arachnids; from nocturnal to diurnal habits (e. g. jumping spiders); from terrestial to arboreal nests (e.g. Araneus and spider mites); from free-living to parasitic lives (ticks and some mites): invasion to fresh-waters and sea-water (e.g. Argyroneta, Hydracarina, Desis and Halacaridae). Besides, some spiders show mimicry which is known in the higher groups in the insects such as Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. Judging from the above data the Scorpiones are the most primitive group in the Arachnida and seem to establish a new subclass for themselves. At least, they cannot be belonged to the subclass Latigastra, because they lose the pregenital somite in the adult. In this feature they more resemble the groups of Caulogastra in which the pregenital somite diminished in size and remains sometimes as a pedicel. The three orders, Thelyphonida, Schizopeltida and Amblypygi are rather primitive groups, with segmented abdomen and lung-books, and are comparatively closely related each other among the class. The Palpigradi are also related to them but seem to be a rather degenerated group than primitive. The primitive forms of the Araneae are slightly related to the order-group just mentioned but modern forms of the Areneae are quite differentiated both in morphological and oecological points. The Solfugae are a special primitive group but with well-developed trachea. The animals seem to branch off early in the evolutionary process of the Arachnida and have been specialized separately. The Ricinulei seem somewhat correlated to the Araneae but their phylogenetic position remains unknown. The Acarina are the most modern group in the class and show various morphological diversities and wide oecological adaptations. The Opiliones indicate several similarities with the Acarina but seem to be more primitive. The Pseudoscorpiones are rather modern animals, showing oecological adaptations and having trachea, but are not so differentiated as in the two orders just referred.

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本研究では，角速度計とハイスピードカメラを用いて歩行立脚時の大腿，下腿の回旋運動と身体各関節角度の測定を行い，変形性膝関節症患者の歩行のバイオメカニクス特性をあきらかにすることを目的として行った。その結果，変形性膝関節症患者の歩行は，荷重応答期から立脚中期の下腿外旋運動が有意に小さかった。また，立脚期における肩峰傾斜，下腿傾斜，膝関節内反角度が有意に大きかった。

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本研究では，角速度センサを用いて歩行時の骨盤，大腿，下腿の回旋運動の計測を行い，変形性膝関節症患者で得られた角速度波形より健常例とは異なる特徴を同定し，その特徴を明らかにすることを目的とする。対象は健常若年群5名，健常高齢者群8名，変形性膝関節症群21名である。結果は変形性膝関節症群では健常群と異なる角速度波形が確認できた。骨盤の回旋運動には大きな相違は見られなかった。大腿は，荷重反応期での内旋，立脚中期の外旋運動の減少が見られた。下腿では，健常者は歩行時，立脚初期には下肢回旋運動は複雑な運動が行われており，変形性膝関節症群では下腿回旋運動の減少がみられた。また周波数解析では変形性膝関節症群は健常者群と比較し，第1ピーク周波数が低周波域に移動しており，さらに，スペクトルの広がりの不均一性が認められ，下腿回旋運動の調和性が失われていると推測した。本研究で用いた角速度センサによる下肢肢節回旋測定は，臨床においての理学療法効果判定に有用である可能性が示された。

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A pelagic flabelligerid annelid, Buskiella vitjasi (Buzhinskaya, 1977), was newly recorded from the Japan Trench, off Miyako at a depth of 6235 meters during the Dive 476 of the deep-sea R/V Shinkai 6500 and two captured specimens were transferred to the author. The unique or exotic living nature of these worms was taken up in TV or in mass-circulation magazines with their photos and movies in some cases as a newly found worm. Here, their morphological characteristics were described. This species is thought to be distributed widely in western Pacific deep mid waters.

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The present paper is concerned with the flapping characteristics and the structure dynamics of insect wings. The flapping behavior of some insects is studied using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. The experimentalsystem is composed of two high speed video cameras, motion grabber and a personal computer. The three-dimens ionalrepresentation of insect flapping can be gained by the system. The extrinsic skeleton vibration produced by insect flapping is examined with the optical displacement detector system. The structural properties of some insect wings are also studied by a three-dimensional, optical shape measurement system. Some functional principles underlying insect wing design are revealed by the measurements of surface roughness and flapping analysis.

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   This paper is concerned with the locomotive characteristics and the structure dynamics of some arthropods. The locomotive motions of some insects were studied using a high-speed video camera system. The walking, jumping, and swimming movements of some arthropods were analyzed from the viewpoint of dynamics. The structural properties of some arthropod organs were also studied using a color 3D laser scanning microscope. Some functional principles underlying arthropod organ design were revealed by the microscopic measurements and movement analysis of arthropods.

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新潟地方におけるフナ属魚類の種族分化と分布状態を明らかにする研究の一端として,新潟平野と佐渡島の8地点より採集したフナ属魚類について,形態ならびに形質の比較,および染色体数の観察をおこなった。その結果,佐渡島達者と新潟市小新地区ではキンブナ系のフナが生息していたが,鰓耙数は群馬県城沼産キンブナより多く,達者産のものでは46〜61,小新産のものでは37〜63であった。信濃川水系の西川からは,4倍体と思われる個体がみつかり,性比も雌に強くかたよっていた。またゲンゴロウブナの移殖が盛んな福島潟,大通川には形態学的に,在来のキンブナ系のものとゲンゴロウブナとの雑種と思われる個体が生息していることが明らかになった。さらに,過去において鳥屋野潟を経て,ゲンゴロウブナが2次的に移殖された佐潟においては,3倍体と思われるギンブナが得られたが,これらは総べて雌であった。

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Marine caves and hyperbenthic layers harbor highly unique and diversified crustacean communities and accommodate both ancestral and advanced forms, suggesting repeated colonization to these habitats through the geological time. Some of the primitive groups show a Tethyan track. Remipedes and other crustaceans such as mictaceans are exclusively endemic to marine caves, taking advantage of caves as refuges. Truly cavernicolous crustaceans could have originated directly from shallow hyperbenthic, interstitial or crevicular ancestors or indirectly from the shallow- throughout the deep-water forms. Copepods can be regarded as one of the best model animals to understand the colonizing processes and patterns in these habitats, due to ample data on the distribution and phylogenetic analyses. These habitats have been intensively surveyed in the Mediterranean Sea, the Canary Islands, Burmuda, the Yucatan Peninsula, the Caribbean Sea, the Galapagos Islands and western Australia, but not so in East Asian waters. Hence taxonomic and phylogenetic investigations of these crustaceans should be addressed in Japanese waters to clarify their origins, colonization routes and evolutionary patterns and processes.

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