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  • 長谷川 史明
    法政論叢
    2002年 39 巻 1 号 148-160
    発行日: 2002/11/15
    公開日: 2017/11/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the history of Western constitutionalism, Conciliarism or the consiliarmovement in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century was a significant chapter. According to The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c.350-c.1450(1988), Conciliarism may be divided into three phases: (i)1378-83, when its advocates drew exrensively on Marsiglio and,especially, Ockham; (ii)1408-18, when a quasi-patristic of power-sharing between pope and bishops-in council was dominant; (iii)1432-50, when unlimited sovereignty was claimed for an internally democratic coucil. Maybe the first author who suggested the importance of Conciliarism in the history of Western constitutionalism was John Neville Figgis. He wrote in his Studies of Political Thought from Gerson to Grotius 1414-1625(1907): "Probably the most revolutionary official documents in the history of the world is the decree of the Council of Constance asserting its superiority to the Pope, and striving to turn into a tepid constitutionalism the Divine authority of a tho0usand years". Among the decrees of the Counsil of Constance, Haec sancta (1415) and Frequent (1417) are important.The thesis propounded by Figgis, expanded by many scholars in two direction: (i)detailed study of the major and minor theorists and pamphletters contributed to the conciliar theory of Constance and its era; (ii)the basic precepts of conciliar thought were themselves rooted in a tradition of canon law that dated as foa as the twelfth-century decretists. This is mainly Brain Tierney's discovery. I think thst the core assertion of the constitutionalism is limitation of powers by law or restriction of arbitrary power-exercised by the power-holders. So,the separation of power-holder and decision-maker is a essential element of conctitutionalism. Form this point of view, conciliarism that asserted superiority of the Council to the Pops has a constitutionalistic character, but conciliarism that claimed unlimited sovereignty for the Council might not be combined with constitutionalism.
  • 市原 靖久
    法制史研究
    2015年 64 巻 411-416
    発行日: 2015/03/30
    公開日: 2021/03/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 神寳 秀夫
    法制史研究
    2000年 2000 巻 50 号 364-370
    発行日: 2001/04/20
    公開日: 2009/11/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 木寺 廉太
    日本の神学
    2006年 2006 巻 45 号 155-159
    発行日: 2006/09/21
    公開日: 2009/10/23
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 長谷川 史明
    憲法論叢
    2011年 18 巻 1-24
    発行日: 2011/12/19
    公開日: 2018/01/10
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    Almost all the texts on Japanese constitutional law explain constitutionalism as "the modern constitutionalism" from an age of bourgeois revolution that created politics according to a written constitution, including the protection of human rights and civil liberties. This is the popular view about constitutionalism in Japanese constitutional studies. But, in the history of political thought, constitutionalism has a broader meaning i.e. "limited government" or one of the methods of "controlling the state", traced back to ancient Greece. Therefore, constitutionalism has little to do with the existence of a written constitution. So, In this essay, I will point out several problems that occur when taking about this popular view of constitutionalism within Japanese constitutional studies.
  • 長谷川 史明
    憲法論叢
    2006年 13 巻 133-151
    発行日: 2006/12/26
    公開日: 2018/01/10
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
    Although Western constitutionalism has little to do with a written constitution, since the Meiji Era constitutional theorists in Japan have concentrated their studies mainly on the written constitutional Code or documents. So, it tends to overlooked that modern constitutionalism originated in medieval constitutional thought, especially Christian doctrines and the rule of law tradition. I think that the following two stands form the central factors of the Western constitutionalism. First, arbitrary power-exercised by the power-holders should be denied and rejected. And secondly, in order to restrict the exercise of such arbitrary power, the rule of law should be available and applied. In this essay, I concentrate my attention on the Western characteristic Weltanschauung or Ontologie, that is to say, "All things are created by the Creator", and attempt to point out that Roman Catholic Church offered a notion of the separation of the power-holder and the decision-maker. And probably, this notion is one of the basic ideas that Western constitutionalism contains.
  • 今出 敏彦
    九州法学会会報
    2015年 2015 巻
    発行日: 2015年
    公開日: 2017/08/10
    会議録・要旨集 フリー
  • ──ジャンセニスムをめぐって
    塩川 徹也
    日本學士院紀要
    2019年 74 巻 2 号 41-
    発行日: 2019年
    公開日: 2020/01/16
    ジャーナル フリー
     Le jansénisme fut incontestablement l'un des plus grands problèmes religieux dans la France de l'Ancien Régime, et exerça une influence considérable non seulement sur la religion, mais aussi sur la politique et sur la société, voire sur les moeurs et sur la culture de l'époque. C'est, selon l'avis officiel de l'Église catholique, une doctrine hérétique concernant le rapport de la grâce divine avec le libre arbitre de l'homme. Mais s'il n'y était vraiment question que du seul problème théorique de la théologie, on comprend mal pourquoi le jansénisme devint un mouvement contestataire qui ne cessa de menacer l'État et l'Église de France pendant les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, du règne de Louis XIII jusqu'à l'époque révolutionnaire. Il n'est évidemment pas possible dans le cadre du présent article de procéder à une étude globale du sujet, en tenant compte du tout le déroulement du problème janséniste qui s'étend sur plus d'un siècle et demi. Notre propos est de rechercher ce que fut l'affaire janséniste et quels en étaient les véritables enjeux, en nous focalisant sur le premier stade du problème, principalement celui des « cinq Propositions » attribuées à Cornelius Jansénius, qui fut débattu dans les années 1650. Pour anticiper sur les discussions à suivre, disons que ce qui fit l'objet du litige sous le nom de jansénisme ne fut pas simplement une doctrine théologique touchant le rapport de la grâce divine avec la liberté humaine. Certes, elle est à la fois le point de départ et le fondement de la polémique. Mais, parallèlement à cela, il ne faut pas laisser échapper une autre série de problèmes, comme celui de savoir si les décisions de l'Église touchant la foi et la discipline sont infaillibles ou non, ou, celui de savoir quel attitude les membres de cette Église peuvent et doivent prendre, quand il leur arrive d'avoir des doutes sur la vérité de ces décisions, ou encore, quelles mesures l'Église peut et doit prendre à l'égard de tels membres, en un mot, une série de problèmes ecclésiologiques concernant l'infaillibilité et la tolérance. Telles sont les idées qui servent de fil conducteur à notre enquête. Mais il y a aussi un autre sujet à envisager. C'est Pascal et Port-Royal. Ce dernier passa, comme on le sait, pour le foyer du jansénisme et fut à ce titre en butte aux persécutions aussi bien de l'Église que du pouvoir royal. Quant à Blaise Pascal, il fut sympathisant de Port-Royal et joua un rôle crucial dans le mouvement de résistance contre les persécutions à l'égard des jansénistes. C'est lui qui, avec son compagnon de lutte, Antoine Arnauld, inventa une théorie de la tolérance ecclésiastique, en se fondant sur le droit de la conscience.
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  • 歴史神学
    徳善 義和
    日本の神学
    1979年 1979 巻 18 号 124-129
    発行日: 1979/11/25
    公開日: 2009/09/16
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 鈴木 広和
    史学雑誌
    2008年 117 巻 5 号 959-963
    発行日: 2008/05/20
    公開日: 2017/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 池谷 文夫
    史学雑誌
    1987年 96 巻 2 号 153-189,272-27
    発行日: 1987/02/20
    公開日: 2017/11/29
    ジャーナル フリー
    The political thought of William of Ockham was, considering his political writings (Opera politica) concerning the first half of the 14th century, full of concrete arguments using Holy Scripture, the works of ecclesiastical fathers and decretals. He defended the imperium of Emperor Ludwig IV as both historically and constitutionally legitimate and the true successor to the Romanum imperium, and argued against the hierocratic opinions of the papalists. In his trilogy, III Dialogus, Octo quaestiones de potestate papae, and Breviloquium de principatu tyrannico, Ockham posed first that the pagan imperium before the advent of Christ suited the divine will, and secondly that Biblical texts, which recognized the legitimate dominium and iurisdictio among non-believers, said nothing about the papacy. The second assertion was based on the fact that the election of the emperor was by the Roman people, and that once elected, the emperor had no superior on earth, his power being 'a solo Deo per homines, non a papa'. His third discussion was that the conversion of the Roman emperor to Christianity brought about no judical or constitutional change, and that the Christian emperor succeeded the pagan emperor, so that 'Reddite quae sunt Caesaris, Caesari : et quae sunt Dei, Deo' became the basis of the relation between spiritual and secular powers, upon which the Christian Roman imperium was to be discussed. In conclusion, the papacy had no fullness of power (plenitudo potestatis) in secular affairs (temporalia). In spiritual affairs (spiritualia), Ockham denied papal 'ple nitudo potestatis', saying that it is but tyranny against Christian law (lex Christiana) and evangelical law (lex evangelica), which is the law of freedom (lex libertatis). He admits the papal control over believers, but only in so far as this control is not contrary to divine law, the law of nature and the law of freedom, just as in gospel times the apostles exercised ministration but not jurisdiction. Consequently, papal intervention in temporalia should be recognized only under urgent conditions involving for example questions of salvation, common utility and negligence on the part of secular rulers. Thus Ockham's theory of imperium declared the independence of two powers. While both the historical-constitutional Roman imperium founded on lex humana within the divine law and the historical-revelational apostolic church founded on the lex Christiana were based upon one common body of 'communio fidelium', they were under usual conditions different governmental systems. Particularly, since temporalia were broad enough to include ecclesiastical temporalia, the area of spiritualia was severely limited.
  • 長谷川 史明
    法政論叢
    1995年 31 巻 29-38
    発行日: 1995/05/15
    公開日: 2017/11/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    The 'constitutionalism' has prevailed as one of the main political and legal ideas not only in the Modern Western Nations but also in the Western-modeled Nations including Japan. Although the meaning of the term is very complex, it is certain that limitation of powers by law, in other words, a restriction of arbitrary power-exercised by the power-holders, is the core assertion of the constitutionalism. It is said that theoretical and historical roots of the constitutionalism can be traced back to Medieval Conciliarism or Investiture contests. But I think that the idea of restriction of exercising of the arbitrary power would rather date back to the ideological conflict between Church and secular power starting from the conversion of Constantine I to the Christianity in the late classic or early Middle Ages. In the third or forth century, Eusebius (Bishop of Caeserea) justified the supreme authority of the Emperor by saying: 'only one God, one Supreme Being, only one Emperor'. And it could be related to the caesaropapism of Byzantine Empire. On the contrary, the Roman Catholic Church claimed its superiority over the other Churches on the grounds of the Apostolic Succession (Succesio Petri), justifying it by New Testament (Matt.16:18-19). In the fifth century, Pope Gelasius I asserted to the East-Roman Emperor that 'Duo sunt', namely that there are two powers:the sacred authority of bishops and the royal power (known as two swords doctrine). In the sixth and seventh century, Pope Gregory I (St Gregory the Great) turned the orientation of the Roman Church to the West Europe and took an interest in the Germanic kingdoms. In the foregoing, I had concentrated my attention on the separation of power-holder (Gewalthaber) and decision-maker, and also discussed the theoretical basis of the constitutionalism.
  • 坂本 堯
    日本の神学
    1970年 1970 巻 9 号 90-97
    発行日: 1970/09/30
    公開日: 2009/10/23
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 前間 良爾
    史学雑誌
    2003年 112 巻 7 号 1263-1272
    発行日: 2003/07/20
    公開日: 2017/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 宮松 浩憲
    史学雑誌
    1999年 108 巻 5 号 951-960
    発行日: 1999/05/20
    公開日: 2017/11/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 高津 美和
    イタリア学会誌
    2006年 56 巻 96-119
    発行日: 2006/10/21
    公開日: 2017/04/05
    ジャーナル フリー

    La Riforma ha avuto una importante influenza sulla situazione religiosa nell' Italia del Cinquecento. L'idea venuta d'oltralpe passata attaraverso Venezia costrinse la Chiesa Romana a confermare la propria dottrina ed a mettere in ordine il sistema del controllo delle idee. Nel corso della Controriforma apparvero "gli eretici". Bernardino Ochino (1487-1564) e valutato "il piu importante dei riformatori italiani" da Delio Cantimori, autore di Eretici italiani del Cinquecento (1939). Ochino appartenne all'ordine dei Francescani Osservanti, poi a quello dei Cappuccini ed ebbe fama in tutta l'Italia come grande predicatore. Pero col tempo la Chiesa comincio a sospettare che Ochino diffondesse l'idea della Riforma mediante la sua predicazione. Nel 1542 quando Ochino fu convocato dall'Inquisizione Romana, lascio l'Italia e ando a Ginevra. Questo articolo sulla vita e la fede di Ochino e un tentative di mettere in luce una fase della storia della Chiesa in un periodo pieno di fermento. Prima della Riforma protestante ci fu il movimento riformatore cattollico, cosidetto Riforma cattolica. A partire dal pontificate di Paolo III(1534), questo movimento cambio e divenne di carattere generale la cui iniziativa fu presa dal papa e gradualmente divenne meno tollerante e piu esclusivo con i dissidenti religiosi. Fu l'Inquisizione Romana istituta nel 1542 con la bolla Licet ab initio che simbolizzo questa tendenza oppressiva della Chiesa. A quel tempo l'Italia era divisa in stati e ducati, ma dopo l'istituzione di questa organizzazione, si pote svolgere il proveddimento unificato contro gli eretici. Sembra che ci siano due ragioni perche Ochino fu convocato a Roma. Una dipende dal suo rapporto personale, soprattutto, con il mistico spagnolo, Juan de Valdes (1500-41). Valdes formo un circolo umanistico a Napoli e presento l'idea d'oltralpe agli intelettuali italiani. Nel 1536 quando Ochino predico a Napoli, conobbe Valdes. Tramite lui Ochino ebbe l' opportunita di avvicinare le opere di Erasmo, Lutero, Calvino, ecc. Per questo rapporto l'Inquisizione considero l'ortodossia di Ochino sospettosa. La seconda ragione era che Ochino era un predicatore popolare. La predicazione funzionava efficacemente come mezzo per trasmettere le nuove idee, percio, l'Inquisizione trovo il bisogno di consolidare il controllo dei predicatori. Inoltre l'influenza di alcuni prelati come il vescovo di Verona, Gian Matteo Giberti o il cardinale, Gasparo Contarini che appoggiarono le riforme moderate e conobbero Ochino, ando diminuendo sotto il mutamento d'indirizzo della Chiesa e Ochino non pote contare sul loro aiuto. Cosi Ochino decise di andarsene dall'Italia. Rimangono pochi documenti delle prediche di Ochino. Pero possiamo ricostruire il suo pensiero dai suoi scritti prima e dopo la fuga. Nel Dialogi sette (1540) si trova quasi completamente la tradizione dell'idea dei Francescani invece della simpatia verso quella protestante. Tuttavia, l'idea dei Francescani ebbe una storia complicata e bisogna fare attenzione al modo di accoglierla di Ochino. Per esempio, il soggetto del "Ladrone in croce" del quarto dialogo del Dialogi e uguale a quello di Arbor Vitae Crucifixae Jesu di Ubertino da Casale, membro dei Francescani Spirituali (1305). Esaminando l'opera di Ubertino possiamo trovarci implicati due temi: la giustificazione per la fede e la predestinazione. Ochino consulto l'opera di Ubertino, ma non ne fece suo il pensiero totalmente, cioe, Ochino adopero il tema della giustificazione nella propria opera, ma si riservo su quello della predestinazione. Si puo desumere che Ochino abbia capito il pericolo di esprimere l'interesse per la dottrina dei calvinisti nella sopraddetta situazione. L'opinione di Ochino sulla Chiesa possiamo trovarla nei suoi scritti

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  • W・Ullmann教授の業績より
    鈴木 利章
    西洋史学
    1968年 80 巻 37-
    発行日: 1968年
    公開日: 2022/12/08
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 史学雑誌
    1987年 96 巻 9 号 1524-1555
    発行日: 1987/09/20
    公開日: 2017/11/29
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 行安 茂, 篠原 久, 奥田 太郎, 神野 慧一郎, 川名 雄一郎, 山田 園子, 山岡 龍一, 伊藤 誠一郎, 水田 健, 竹澤 祐丈, 中才 敏郎, 久米 暁, 柘植 尚則, 永井 義雄, 桜井 徹, 小田川 大典, 一ノ瀬 正樹
    イギリス哲学研究
    2005年 28 巻 79-116
    発行日: 2005/03/20
    公開日: 2018/03/30
    ジャーナル フリー
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