Stray Notes on Kioto and Its Environs (1874, 1876, 1878) (hereafter referred to as SNs) are less well known than the oldest guidebook on Kyoto in English, K. Yamamoto's Celebrated Places in Kiyoto (1873). However, it became evident that the SNs were the original of W. E. L. Keeling Tourists' Guide (1880) (hereafter referred to as TG). Firstly, the background of the SNs was researched. Secondly, the SNs investigated uncertainties about the TG. As a result, the SNs revealed that the changes in travel due to the development of transportation to Kyoto, the influence of old Western travelogues, the description of the grand festivals in Kyoto, and most importantly, the beginning of Western tourism of the Hozu River boat ride. The SNs are one of the most important historical documents describing the 1870s in Kyoto.

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At Kobe the urban construction projects were demanded on the extensivearea for the pressure of urbanization after opening the port in Meiji era
Thevast expenses were needed to carry out the urban construction projectsonthe extensive are-a, and so the new mwthed, that is, the projects of the new road excavation and the land correct-ion were founded before long on the experience of theseveral projects that were carried out du-ring the first half of Meiji era at Kobe

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The purposes of his ar idle are o inves iga e he changes in geographical dis ribu ion of the impor -expor_??_ firms during the last one hundred years, and to relate these changes to the process of development of the central business district (CBD) in Kobe.
During the period from 1868 to 1899 the residential quarter for foreigners, which later became a foreign trade district, had been divided into 126 lots delineated on the basis of the European-style planning.
Trading firms, financial and insurance businesses, information and transportation services, and a self-governing institution, were closely located each other, and they formed special business district isolated from the main built-up area of Kobe city. Therefore, Kobe city had had two core areas specialized in administration and retail trade in the west and in wholesale and import-export business in the east until World War II (Fig. 1). In 1919, 70% of the import-export firms located in the former foreigners' quarter were owned by aliens. Thereafter, a mixed land use district with factories, import-export firms and workers' housing were developed on the east of the foreigners' quarter. A trade business district with a large number of import-export firms, financial and insurance businesses, and transportation facilities was formed on the west of the quarter (Fig. 2). The locations of import-export firms at the time of 1936 were on the southern side of the National Railway line extending from the Kobe station to the Shin-Ikuta River, where a number of tall buildings had been built; and this district almost coincides with the boundary of the CBD in 1970 delineated by Komori, et al. (1970) (Fig. 3).
In 1977, import-export firms extended to the east and north compared with their distribution before the War. The CBD delineated by Komori et al. (1979) also showed its extention to the east and north. Therefore, it can be said that the location of import-export firms has played an important role in the formation of the CBD (Fig. 4).
After World War II, the western core has gradully declined in consequence of the fact that the administrative organizations such as City Hall had moved to the former foreigners' quarter. The factor that changed the structure of Kobe city from two-cored to one-cored city, was the large-scaled redevelopment program of the CBD carried out, to a large extent, by the governmental investiment.
Chronological changes in total floor space of banks, offices, retail and department stores, and warehouses are investigated for the seven districts of the CBD (Fig. 5), and the seven districts are classified into the following five specialized areas (Fig. 6): (1) the old international trade area (districts A and B), (2) the retail business area (districts C and D), (3) the new international trade area (district E), (4) the restaurant and amusement area (district F), and (5) the administrative and retail area (district G).
From these examinations, it can be concluded that the nucleus of the present CBD is the former foreigners' quarter and the import-export firms have played an important role in the formation of the foreign trade districts within the CBD.

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This paper attempts to elicit the reality of the Hapsburg Empire's global seafaring prowess despite its reputation as a mainly continental power, in light of historical findings that an Imperial warship had been stationed in the seas of East Asia approximately 100 years ago. Research regarding Western navies stationed overseas has in the past focused largely on their use as a means of military competition or imperialistic ambitions toward the non-Western world. However, here the author points to another purpose with which warships were deployed overseas; namely, to serve as media for promoting international relations within the daily routine of peacetime conditions. After outlining the deployment system of warships outside of the region of Europe, and the reasons, circumstances and substance of the Hapsburg Empire's stationing of a warship in East Asian waters, the author turns to the specific duties of the ship, in particular, how it performed the very important duty of any Western navy in protecting its country's citizen and commercial interests in the region. However, since the Hapsburg Empire had no overseas interests or citizens to protect in East Asia, it was impossible for the Austro-Hungarians to set up a system of direct protection like that of the other major powers, due mainly to its unique position in having only a single warship to accommodate such needs. The author then addresses the subject of goodwill exchange, which he considers to be the most important daily routine of the Hapsburg warship, and looks there for the ultimate reason for stationing it in East Asian waters. Finally, he focuses on the military band on board the ship, in order to clarify the fact that the Hapsburg Empire was concerned in identifying with maritime coastal society in East Asia through the medium of music. The Hapsburg Empire thus intended to adapt to the imperial order as a major power in East Asia by carefully cultivating various daily peacetime routines.

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