The Indian science of rhetoric (alaṅkāra) systematizes figures of speech. While a large number of classical works on Sanskrit rhetoric have been handed down to us, Pāli rhetoric has only one extant treatise: the Subodhālaṅkāra, written by Saṅgharakkhita. This paper discusses how metaphor is defined and how the theory of metaphor is developed in the Subodhālaṅkāra.

This paper concludes with the following two points. First, the definition of metaphor in the Subodhālaṅkāra is an eclectic mix of that in the Kāvyādarśa and the Kāvyaprakāśa, and the classification of the types of metaphor in the Subodhālaṅkāra is derived from that in the Kāvyālaṅkāra. Second, the method by which the Kāvyaprakāśa sorts out metaphors and similes presented in a compound justifies the idea that the examples of metaphorical compounds given by the Subodhālaṅkāra are correct cases of metaphors.

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過剰血流シャントに対する血流抑制手術として，グラフトcovering 法（graft covering technique：GCT）を3 例に行った．内シャント閉鎖術，瘤化したシャント静脈の剥離，短切した人工血管グラフト（グラフト）の中に瘤化したシャント静脈を挿入（covering），その状態で内シャント再建術，covering したグラフトの端を吻合部に数か所縫合して固定．この手順で行うのが本術式である．5 mm径のグラフトを切って1.5 cm長にしたものをcoveringグラフトとして使用した．3 例とも術後早期から良好な血流抑制が認められた．この手術法の利点は，確実な血流抑制，術中の血流モニター不要，ターニケットを用いた駆血操作不要，血管内操作やグラフト吻合不要，グラフトcovering によりシャント瘤が見た目上消失するため整容性に優れることなどである．欠点は，シャント閉鎖，瘤の剥離，シャント再建，と手術操作が増えるため，若干の時間を要することである．しかし確実な血流抑制が可能であり，良好な長期予後が期待される．

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This paper presents a new control scheme for digital adaptive flight control systems, that satisfies C* criterion for aircraft which have continuously varying stability derivatives. A number of design methods for digital adaptive flight control systems have been reported based on the assumption that aircraft are linear time-invariant systems. But the equations of real aircraft motions have wide time-varying parameters in their flight envelopes. Only recently, new adaptive control system theories for the linear time-varying systems have been developed. By modifying the new theories, this paper presents a new parameter adjustment algorithm that can estimate the coefficents of powers of dynamic pressure, which are used to synthesize the input to aircraft instead of estimating the time-varying parameters. Computer simulations were performed on a jet fighter as a time-varying system by continuously changing flight conditions in the flight envelope. The results showed remarkable adaptability.

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