This paper examined whether the approach where techniques and tactics are put aside, as seen in the Sekiun School, is seen in other schools as well, taking into account the transformation of values in swordsmanship styles. The key findings are as follows.

1. Common points of Sekiun-School and Jikishin-School

It is said that Harigaya Sekiun, the founder of the Sekiun-School, and Kamiya Denshinsai, the founder of the Jikishin-School, defeated their teacher Ogasawara Genshinsai before establishing their own styles (however, with respect to the Jikishin-School, this account appears only after the establishment of its successor, the Jikishinkage-School). This version of events can be seen as an expression of a break from the swordsmanship of the previous era and the development of new styles. Both schools rejected the swordsmanship of the previous era because they thought it be deviating from the ideal state of mind. A mind that has diverged from the ideal state is referred to as chikushoshin (“bestial mind") in the Sekiun-School and as hi (“error") in the Jikishin-School.

2. Sekiun-School

As indicated in previous studies, the Sekiun School disapproves of swordsmanship styles in which various maneuvers and offensive moves are used to deceive the opponent and gain victory. Acquiring techniques in the Sekiun School is very simple: the practitioner advances toward the opponent to the point where the opponent is within weapon range and then strikes, without sparing any thoughts about oneself.In this study, in a re-examination of the content of the swordsmanship style condemned by Sekiun School, it was found that the techniques and tactics of assuming a confrontational countenance and making either of them aware, while using the other to mislead the mind of the opponent, is criticized. Furthermore, even a moderate confrontational stance is met with disapproval, and being non-deliberate and nonchalant is emphasized.

3. Jikishin-School

The Jikishin-School held that if the mind stood clear of hi, it could attain jikishin, an ideal mental state. Other schools are criticized for advocating strict adherence to a style without seeking mastery of the mind.In the Jikishinseito-School and the Jikishinkage-School, the successors of the Jikishin-School, the greatest importance is placed on maintaining an ideal state of mind and body. It is also thought that if one can preserve such a state of mind and body, opponents with hi in their minds will destroy themselves. Metsuke exists even in the teachings of the Jikishinseito-School and the Jikishinkage-School, but the idea is that the state of an opponent's mind may be recognized by concentrating on the eyes, while devoting little attention to tactical details.

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Kakegoe can be translated into "shouting" in English. In the matches of the Modern Kendo, various types of Kakegoe, such as 'Men''Kote''Doo''Yaa''Too', have been used. This study has two purposes. One is to clarify where Kakegoe of Kendo is traced back to, and the other is to point out the erroneous assumptions in the former studies of Budo history in order to offer the study of Budo history a new perspective. The gist of this paper is as follows:(1)In the Edo period, there were various schools of Kenjutsu with Kakegoe and various ones without Kakegoe. The KASHIMA-KATORI-SHINTO Schools, for instance, handed down Kakegoe. On the contrary, the SHINKAGE Schools and the ITTO Schools, which were the mainstream of Kenjutsu in the Edo period, did not hand it down. (2)The main function of Kakegoe of Kenjutsu in the Edo period was to increase and display the spirit of the performer, and was similar to that of the spells in Esoteric Buddhism. Some acting elements existed in Katas which were practised in the schools of Kenjutsu with Kakegoe in the Edo period. Because people belonging to these Schools somtimes used Kakegoe for the purposes of giving their opponents the signs of attacking and of expressing their feelings. (3)All schools of Kenjutsu with Kakegoe were local in the Edo period;that is to say, Kakegoe was handed down in the Schools mainly consisting of peasants. Neverthless, their modes of Kakegoe existed in the Shinai-Uchikomi-Shiai-Kenjutsu which became the mainstream of Kenjutsu by the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate and was the original form of the Modern Kendo. (4)It has been considered in the former studies of Kendo history that the Modern Kendo developed from the ITTO Schools and so on which were the mainstream of Kenjutsu in the Edo period. But, the history of Kakegoe tells us that the former studies of Kendo history are one-sided, and that the Modern Kendo can be traced back not only to the samurais' Kenjutsu but also to the Peasants' Kenjutsu.

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