Some Christian churches are regarded as tourism objects in Japan. Therefore, it needs the tourism management with maintaining the values both as religious and cultural properties. Such values are created by daily church activities by the church members. This research aims to clarify the changes of church activities in four churches in Hakodate city, Hokkaido while they became tourism objects and discuss the proper management of Christian churches regarded as tourism objects in Japan. As a result, guidebooks and tourism plan by a city government show that these churches have been seen as tourism objects with the image of “exotic”. The amount of church activities which are easy or possible for visitors to participate has increased. On the other hand, some churches separate visitors from church members. Other churches recommend that both of them communicate in some activities. These attitudes depend on the principle of each church and the church members’ status. It can be said that each Christian church has not only meaning as the place of belief in common but also their own meanings along with each principle. Tourist’s activities should be adapted to the meanings which each church has originally and then the image added by outsiders.

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This paper aims to clarify the actual conditions of the surfers migration process moving from outside of Amami island based on visit frequency, dwelling, and occupation. 17 surfers are divided into two groups: “Early Residential Group” and “Later Residential Group”. Both group is categorized into three sub-groups: 1)Temporary Residence Type, 2)Single Visit Type, and 3)Multiple Visit Type. “Later Residential Group” surfers tend to be introduced or mediated to get housing and job strongly by surfers network created by people who share same culture, sense of value and lifestyle. Hence, the surfers network “relation” might contribute surfers migration.

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A new way of looking at a place can probably develop the forgotten olace's Dotential. This paper explores a change in the way of looking on the landscape of Biei, a Japanese Local Village in Hokkaido, which made hillside farmland into Dooular scenery during the 1980s. We examine the natures or characters of the way the landscape was viewed, and explore the factors of social background by what supported and justified a new Dersoective on the hills, in the same way that medical science can be viewed as a dominant discourse for medical viewpoint. The change which happened in Biei, was from the earlier dominant viewing of the mountains to the later one on the hills. Some social contexts of those days supported the viewpoint as a longing for such a subject. Furthermore, a photographer showed the hill as a subject on which he gazed, and people saw that the landscape was that for which they had been longing.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the process of introducing the Internet to the Kendo world and investigate the impact of expanding of the viewing and communication space. As for the impact, the major findings are as follows. Kendo has become a sport for audiences, and Kendo tournaments have become like other sporting events as a result of the Internet broadcast of Kendo matches. Therefore, audiences began to focus on the playability of Kendo rather than its cultural aspects. And it is difficult for audiences to determine the mental state of Kendo players, so they tend to watch just the physical aspects and evaluate Kendo players on that basis. But Kendo's change to a sport for audiences to watch, the focus of their attention becoming mainly playability, and disrespect of the cultural aspects of Kendo have not been considered good by the Japan Kendo Federation (JKF). For example, the JKF has emphasized the cultural aspects of Kendo and explained that Kendo is a martial art that has different characteristics compared to most other sports. Kendo is also a traditional culture characterized by vertical structure and hierarchy. On the other hand, many Kendo players of different ranks and ages are able to communicate with each other at various levels, such as local, regional, national, and global, using the Internet. In such horizontal and grassroots communication spaces, users exchange and share various pieces of information about Kendo and occasionally hold training events based on agreeing to participate through the Internet. These activities embody the philosophy of the Kendo world that promotes exchange and mutual understanding between Kendo players, but the actual situation that we observed with such uncharted and flexible activities is not acceptable to the Kendo world, which is characterized by vertical structure and hierarchy.

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The purpose of this research was to explain the diffusion strategy in regards to the process of diffusion and diffusion stages of windsurfing in Japan. This descriptive study was based on the literatures relating to marine sports and leisure articles, for the target period of 1974 to 2010. In order to analyze the diffusion process of windsurfing in Japan, the authors attempted to employ Rogers＇s diffusion of innovation, and analyzed 5 stages of diffusion process from the 4 aspects such as marketability, penetrability, organization, and exposure. For the diffusion process index of ＂marketability,＂ the number of board sales was used. For ＂penetrability,＂ trends in the number of sales outlets were used. For ＂organization,＂ the number of registered members of each sports association were aggregated and used as an index. For ＂exposure,＂ the number of articles relating to windsurfing and boardsailing in magazines collected in the Ōya Soichi Bunko and in 4 national newspapers were the main source of information in this descriptive study. The main findings of this research study were as follows; (1) During the introductory stage, the effective diffusion strategy was organization. The supply of equipment became more fluid, and media exposure had strong influence during the growth stage. During the maturity stage, continuous innovation brought a variety of equipment. (2) The characteristics of the diffusion process in windsurfing was the shift from seasonal leisure sports to year-round leisure sports in the maturity stage. Even in the saturation stage, the number of registered association members appeared to increase. (3) In order to sustain the diffusion process of windsurfing, it is necessary to utilize various media, including social media, after the maturity stage. (4) The ideas of five diffusion stages seemed to be suitable for clarifying the relationship between thediffusion process and the diffusion strategy of windsurfing in Japan. (5) The correlation among 4diffusion indices appeared to be sophisticated to analyze the diffusion process of leisure sports so that more in-depth study will be recommended.

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