1. Attempting pollen analysis on the Mogami coal-field and Okitama coal-field of those in Yamagata Prefecture, comparative investigations between strata and distribution of fossil pollen were carried out. 2. In the Mogami coal-field, climatic division and changes of genera between upper formation and lower formation are obvious from the facts of predominance of extinct genera such as Sequoia, Taxodium, Liquidambar, Cunninghamia and others in the stage of the lower coal-bearing fornation and of predominance of temperate genera such as Alnus, Fagus, Quercus, Juglans and others in the stage of the upper coal-bearing formation. 3. Fossil pollen found in the Okitama coal-field is justly the same as those in the Mogami coal-field. Therefore, it may be concluded that the plant geographical distribution in the whole prefecture of Yamagata is quitely the same and a vast flora consisted chiefly of extinct genera such as Sequoia, Taxodium and others have covered there. 4. From the pollen-analytical results, it is deduced that floral genera of lignites of Mogami coal-field and Okitama coal-field are alike each other and are contemporary with those of Pliocene, Tertiary of the Mogami district.

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This paper deals with sintering behavior of grinding swarf of bearing steel, which abundantly discharged while ball or roller bearings are manufacturing. The grinding swarf is investigated whether it is possible to use as P/M raw materials applied to machinery parts. Two kinds of sintering processes were used as a powder forming method, that is pulsed electric current sintering (PECS) and vacuum sintering (VS). The effects of sintering temperature and pressing pressure in the sintering on their mechanical properties and microstructure were evaluated. The density for PECS materials was higher than that for VS materials. In addition, the bending strength for PECS materials with high density was extremely higher than that for VS materials. It is concluded that the PECS is a suitable sintering method for the grinding swarf to get high density and high strength materials.

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The unevenness of the thickness of plate film was measured with “Out of Roundness Tester”. A test piece of round mild steel bar, which had been accurately cylindrically ground, was chrome plated and its out of roundness was measured with “Out of Roundness Tester” to determine the change of roundness during the plating.
The change of roundness was always small when the test piece was plated in rotation independent of the position of anode plate; while, it was sometimes rather larger in stationary plating dependent upon the positions of two poles.

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There are many designs of friction lock knees which resist the tendency of the knee to flex by a braking action during the stance phase. These knees are good for elderly or feeble amputees, but might interfere with the gait of young and active above-knee amputees, because knee flexion should begin late in the stance phase. He also will not be able to "jack-knife" down stairs and may have difficulty supporting his weight on the prosthesis while lowering himself to a sitting position. Therefore, we need prescription criteria for selection of the knee mechanism. Before preparing the criteria, we need to know the following details-mechanical characteristics of the knees, the gait pattern of the above-knee amputees and the results of the actual use of the knees of above-knee amputees. 1. Physical testing of friction lock knees A testing device which measures the relation between the load and brake moment of the knee mechanism was made. The knees used in the study were Bock 3 R 15 Knee, Bock 3 P 23 Knee, LAPOC Friction Lock Knee and Kolman Safety Knee. All knees except 3 R 15 showed remarkabe constant friction when the weight-bearing brake was adjusted to a sufficiently high level. 2. Pylon study with simulated prosthesis A potentiometer was mounted on the prosthetic knee joint. Tape switches were attached on the sole of both shoes. Strain gauges were attached on the pylon for detecting axial load and knee moment. "Incomplete" knee collapse of the simulated prosthesis was recorded both when the person walked on a leveled floor without a friction lock with reduced alignment stability and when on descending ramps without a friction lock with regular alignment stability. The friction lock knee prevented an "incomplete" knee collapse in both cases above and a substantial level of knee moment was simultaneously recorded, which indicates the working of the friction lock knee.

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1. Pollen analysis was carried out on Meiocene lignite samples obtained from the Nishitagawa coal field, Yamagata Prefecture. 2. Examining the pollen of Alnus and 36 other kinds of tree, a comparative study was made on the pollen flora in each bed. 3. Such pollen grains of extinct plants as Sequoia, Taxodium, Cunninghamia, Liquidambar, and others were found most predominantly in the Aburato coal bearing bed. 4. As the pollen flora of the plants of the temperat and sub-tropical zones is found abundan, it may be said that the environment of that age was similar. 5. The pollen speicies observed in this analysis are similar to those of the Mogaml and Okitama coal fields, both of which belong to Pliocene. Therefore, it is concluded at least that the same kinds of tree as the present have survived since the beginning of Neogene-Tertiary.

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Salmonella enterica serover Enteritidis (SE) strains isolated in Osaka city were genotyped by pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) methods. Fifty-five isolates from 16 food-borne outbreaks, 2 sporadic isolates and an environmental isolate were analyzed. By PFGE method, they were divided into 8 types. Some isolates from different outbreaks showed identical PFGE patterns. Twenty isolates from 11 food-borne outbreaks and an environmental isolate, which showed 4 PFGE patterns, were further analyzed by more resolutive AFLP method. They were typed into 2 patterns. These results suggest that AFLP method is not suitable for genotyping of SE isolated in Osaka city as PFGE method is not. The possibility that identical clones of SE spread in Osaka city has yet to be elucidated.

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The vertical distribution of two intertidal gastropods, Nodilitorina granularis and Littorivaga brevicula, and the interaction between them were studied. These two periwinkles are one of the most common inhabitants of rocky shores in Japan. In the vicinity of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, the ranges of vertical distribution of these two species are clearly separated from each other. That is to say, N. granularis inhabits the upper part of the intertidal zone, and L. brevicula occupies the area just beneath it. One of the examples is shown in Fig. 1. If. the snails beionging to one of these two perlwinkles are removed experimentally from their native habitats, this vacant area is soon reoccupied by the individuals of the same species or remains vacant at least for 2 days, and is never intruded by any other species. These facts seem to show that this clear separation (so-called "habitat segregation") is not caused by the interaction between these two species, but probably by the actions of some external environmeats. This supposition may be supported by the fact mentioned below. At the rocky shore near the Misaki Marine Biological Laboratory, the mode of distribution is somewhat different. Here the areas occupied by these two species overlap, as is shown in Fig. 2. The cause of this discrepancy seen between the Seto and Misaki snalls will probably be attributable to the difference in the phyaical environmental conditions such as substrata or waves.

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Pollen-analytical studies were carried out of some lignite beds in the north-eastern provinces of Japan-those in the neighbourhood of Sendai, of Shinjo (Yamagata Pref.) and of Daijima, Oga Peninsula (Akita Pref.). Samples were subjected to microscopic examination after boilong in a 10 per cent caustic potash solution, disintegrating and then adding glycerin. 1. The upper, middle and lower Pliocene lignite beds in the environs of Sendai belong to the Yagiyama-, Kitayama- and Kameoka-formation respectively. The upper lignite bed contains woody pollen which reminds us of the present-day forests, while those characteristic of a warmer climate are found in the lower bed. Woody pollen in the middle bed are intermediate in this respect. Among the plants whose pollen are found in the lignite beds but not living in Japan to-day are Sequoia (or Metasequoia), Liriodendron and Liquidambar. From the pollen-analytical point of view, it seems likely that passing from the lower into the upper the climate deteriorated. 2. Stuides in collaboration with Takahashi were carried out of Pliocene lignites at Funagata (Heiwa mine), Motoaikai (Yamato mine) and Mamurogawa (Hiraoka mine) in the environs of Shinjo, which belong to the Shimizu formation at the middle of the Mogami group. In view of the similar results of pollen analyses, these lignites are considered to be of much the same geological age and are akin to the upper two beds in the evnirons of Sendai. The abundance of the Alnus as well as the occurrence of extinct trees such as Liquidambar, the Taxodium type and possibly Cunninghamia are to be noted. 3. Lastly, Middle Miocene lignites near Daijima were dealt with pollen-analytically. The Daijima formation has long been known to be fossiliferous, but not until quite recently were fossils found in the underlying so-called Sugoroku formation. However, fossil plants have recently been discovered for the first time by Huzioka and Inoue above the lignite bed in the upper part of the Sugoroku formation at a point near Sugorkou Village. And the flora ascertained by the fossil plants there is just the same as that of the Daijima formation already known. Thus, they concluded from geological viewpoints that the upper part of Sugoroku formation is not far in age from the Daijima formation, and ought to be included rather in the Daijima formation itself as the same biofacies. Pollen observed in the lignites of the Daijima formation and the upper part of the Sugoroku formation near Sugoroku Village are almost identical with those of the Pliocene lignites in the environs of Sendai and of Shinjo. From the point of view of pollen analyses essential differences may not be found between the lignite of the Daijima formation and that of the upper part of the Sugoroku formation. These pollen floras of the lignites are more or less approximate to the fossil flora near the middle of the Sugoroku formation revealed also recently by Huzioka and Inoue in the neighbourhood of Monzen Village than to the fossil flora of the Daijima formation or of the upper part of the Sugoroku formation near Sugoroku Village.

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