This research paper aims to elucidate the educational philosophy of Scouting posited by Goto Shinpei, the first Chief Scout of Japan. In particular, his understanding of the Scout Movement, his thinking about the difference between school and scout education, his self-government theory in scout education, and his idea of applying the theory to adult education are considered.

  Scout documents included in Goto Shinpei’s documents are mainly used in this paper. These scout documents had been kept by a relative of Goto Shinpei before World War II, and were thought to be long missing until recently. Consequently, no prior research has referred to them.

  Goto Shinpei actively gained knowledge on the theory and practice of scouting, and he gave lectures on scouting across the whole country. He insisted on the need for scouting activities, distinct from school education; this was to be consistent with his cultivation of the autonomous spirit, a concept he had long advocated. Goto Shinpei’s idea, “Ethics Movement of Politics” was the application of education on self-government in scouting to adults.

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日本には古来より多くの偉人がいるが，ほど多分野で業績を残した偉人は多くない。医師として，昨今の新型コロナウイルス対策に通じるコレラ対策を成功させた他，医師でありながら，台湾や満州の統治に尽力するとともに，政治家として東京の都市計画構想・震災復興などに貢献してきた。このように，様々な難題に対してリスク回避を行ったり，大都市のインフラを整備するという，異種の両事業を成し遂げた。後藤が逓てい相しょう，内相，外相，鉄道院総裁を歴任した際の数多くの功績もさることながら，関東大震災後の大規模な区画整理を伴う困難な帝都復興は特筆すべきものがある。本報では，これらの功績の解説を通じて，がいかに課題を解決しながら都市インフラ整備を進捗させ，またリスク回避に向けてどう戦略をたて，貢献したかについて，その考え方（発想）や手法を分析したものである。

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本研究は，

が関与した台湾や満鉄附属地の市街地の計画について，日本の近代都市計画の源流であるかを考察した。台北市区改正は衛生施設整備に過ぎず，郊外を含むエリアの都市計画には日本からの都市計画法の移植が必要になった。　長春市街地計画への後藤の関与は、街路幅員拡幅を指示したのみであった。後年の満洲国の都邑計画は、その計画を尊重せず、継承しなかった。　本研究は，台湾・満洲の後藤の関与した市街地建設は，日本の近代都市計画の源流ではないと結論した。

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This research study comprises a part of the fundamental research being conducted on engineers in Taiwan covering the period of Japanese colonial rule. William K. Burton, in his capacity as Sanitary Engineer, was invited to plan the waterwork system of Taiwan. He was teaching at the Tokyo Imperial University and one of his students was Hamano Yashiro whom he brought with him to Taiwan to be his assistant. He worked in Taiwan from August 5, 1896 untilh e died on August 5 1899. Among his works were the planning of the waterworks of Taipei, Chilong, Taichong and still other places in Taiwan Burton also involved himself in the reconstruction works of streets in Taipei and designed' model housing for the country. Upon his untimely death, his Japanese assistant, Hamano, continued his remaining works. An examination of William K. Burton's projects in Taiwan would readily reveal an aspect of great importance in the process of modernization of Taiwan.(Burton, Waterworks, Taiwan)

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From the late years of Meiji to the Taisho period, Goto was brilliantly active in such fields as colonial policy, transportation policy, foreign policy and National Enlightenment. As a politician as well, he had an unusually unique and splendid political career, joining Katsura's New Party, serving first as the Home Minister under Terauchi's "National Unity" Cabinet and again under the second Yamamoto "National Unity" Cabinet, and joining the movement of the Preliminary Committee on universal Suffrage. Previous studies on Goto have been so mesmerized by this brilliance that they have consequently neglected the fundamental problem of his basic political attitude or his position in the political arena during this period. This article represents an exhaustive reconsideration of his political activity. The conclusions reached herein may be summarized as follows : first, concerning Goto's fundamental political attitude, we find that his basic goal was that, rather than the military and political foreign expansion which Japan had been continuously carrying out since the Meiji Restoration, Japan needed to realize external economic expansion and thus truly. become an accepted member of the inner circle of most powerful nations, and a State relatively independent of the Western powers. Secondly, he had a strong interest in the National People's Organization that would be able to realize this goal. It was most characteristic of him at this time that he tried to mobilize scholars and journalists, regardless of their political persuasion or ideology, and to organize, according to their age or ability, those people (for example, members of youth organizations, physicians, educators, etc.) those who were even more committed to the localities than were the class of so-called "Chiho Meiboka". He also cooperated with men such as Okuma Shigenobu and Tanaka Giichi. But it was not possible to fully organize the nation in the Japan of his day. If we look next at his activities within the political arena, we notice that, first, in order to accomplish his goal, he responded to the power of the political parties and the bureaucracy with great flexibility. In particular, he was on constantly good terms with party politicians of the Seiyukai and the Kenseikai. Further, due to his emphasis on "reform", he had many supporters in both the bureaucracy and in the political parties that served him well as a political asset. However, the expectations of his supporters were varied and he ultimately failed to meet them all. Thirdly, and most importantly, he placed the greatest political importance on cooperation with Inukai Tsuyoshi and Ito Miyoji (the "Triangular Alliance"). Moreover, he fundamentally tried to adiministrate political affairs in tune with them and men of the same generation (including the Head of the Seiyukai, Hara Kei, and the Head of the Kenseikai, Kato Takaaki). However, the Second Constitutional Preservation Movement rendered support of his third position difficult. Finally, in the end, this significancy reduced Goto's political power and fixed his place in history as only a minor politician on the periphery of the Seiyukai.

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This study is part of the fundamental research being conducted on engineers in Taiwan covering the Japanese period. Nagao Hanpei, from documents gathered, was the most prominent figure serving as President in the Organization of Building Construction in Taiwan during the initial period of the Japanese administration. Nagao Hanpei was a 1881 graduate of the Tokyo Imperial University. He was invited to “Taiwan So-toku-fu” to be the Chief Engineer of the conoly from Dec. 1898 to Sept. 1910. During that time he also became a member of several advisory committees of the “So-toku-fu”. This enabled him to have a strong influnce on the infrastraucture activities of Taiwan during th period. Through an examination of Nagao's works, the development of organizations related to building construction can be view more clearly.

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This article takes up the issue of public health law, especially the meaning of the Communicable Disease Prevention Law of 1897 from the viewpoint of bureaucrats for the law and administration; Sensai Nagayo (1838-1902) and Shinpei Goto (1857-1929) who played an active part during prewar Japan. In Japan, public health laws were necessary to establish public health administration, especially by Nagayo and his colleagues who had gained some ideas of such administration from European models during the Meiji era. Nagayo is famous as the first director of the Central Sanitary Bureau and he had some idea about seimu-teki unyo (application on policies) of medical science and some associated sciences (e.g., science, engineering, meteorology, statistics, etc.). While he was engaged in the cholera pandemic from 1877, he focused on self-governing public health and medical police to make effective use of expert knowledge for public health. Consequently, he put forward that cooperation between government and citizens was important. Nagayo focused on establishing the administration, and his endeavor was taken over by Goto who proved worthy of Nagayo's expectations. Goto was born in Iwate prefecture and he started his life as a doctor in Nagoya in Aichi prefecture. He was interested in disease prevention in a similar manner to Nagayo, as well as medical treatment. So he drew up a document for the establishment of medical officers who would work to prevent diseases in Aichi prefecture. After he gave it Nagayo, he acquired a position in public health administration at the bureau in 1883. While Goto endeavored to perform practical work of public health administration, he published books, including kokka-eisei-genri (The Principles of the National Hygienic System) in 1889 and eisei-seido-ron (Hygiene System Theory) in 1890. From these books we can acquire knowledge of Goto's viewpoint on public health administration to prevent infectious diseases with effect through some words such as eisei-keisatsu (medical police) or sinji-sha (technical officers for public health and medicine), and so on. Goto understood it was necessary to respect local customs and to exercise power or authority for public health. And he talked about how it was important to use specialized knowledge which Shinji-sha or medical doctors had. He thought they could contribute to the legislation of laws using their knowledge to promote people's health. Goto had realized that policies on the specialized knowledge of shinji-sha or medical doctors had to be applied effectively to citizens to give shape to his idea, but he perceived that the responsibility to promote people's health at local level was not clear and that new laws and regulations were necessary. So he worked diligently on legistlation of a new law. This newly legislated law was the Communicable Disease Prevention Law of 1897 which was applied until the Act on Prevention of Infectious Disease and Medical Care for Patients Suffering Infectious Diseases of 1998 was enacted.

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