今般の森林・林業再生プランの議論においても同様だが,経営受委託の遙か彼方にあるエル・ドラードとして,森林の信託はしばしば言及される。もちろん周知の通り,森林組合法9条は「組合員の所有する森林の経営を目的とする信託の引受け」を組合事業の1つに掲げており,僅かながら事例もある。また,2006年の信託法全面改正や金融関連企業の森林問題へのコミットメント増加などの要因もあって,森林信託の言葉を耳にする機会も最近多い。しかしながら,森林の信託性に関する考究は少なく,その森林経営・管理に対する意義などの実像は依然として不鮮明なままである。本小論では,これまでの森林の信託性に関する歴史と議論および最近の実例を踏まえ,予備的考察を行うことを課題とした。その結果,1)戦前期に構想された商事信託,2)1987年森林組合法改正時の分収林事業,森林レクリエーション事業普及の政策手法,3)施業集約化手法,4)公有林経営受託,の1つの構想と3つの事例を確認した。

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In this work we construct a database of the Japanese Imperial Diet. The Imperial Diet was established in 1890 after the promulgation of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan and its historical analysis is crucial to understand the actual functioning of the Japanese Diet. Since the minutes of the Imperial Diet were publicly available only in image format, textization is an imperative process for further analysis. Following the recent advancement of the deep neural networks (DNNs), especially in the character recognition, we apply DNNs to construct a text database of the Imperial Diet. In the course of textization, we trained DNNs using multiple datasets while introducing a novel approach of applying separate batch normalization to datasets. The results of the tentative analysis show a significant potential to deepen our understanding of the development of parliamentary democracy in Japan.

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Urban land problems are rooted in the contradictory fact that land, which is the physical common space in which citizens live and act together, is compartmentalized and made the object of private, individual and monopolistic ownership rights. In an attempt to resolve this contradiction from the point of view of society as whole, national and local governments and so-called urban communities have devised various policies and regulations regarding urban land ownership.
At first, this paper reviews existing researches of sociology of law on these land legal systems, emphasizing the following four points:
a) Arguments regarding the special characteristics of land ownership rights.
b) Critical anlysis of the aims, character and functions of positive legal systems: monopolization of "public interest" by the state; the "public or communal interest" embodied in land use planning; land price measures, etc.
c) Trends in local gouverment policies and the roles played by communities in urban development: multi-layered structures of the frameworks within which "citizens' communities" are formed.
d) Special legal characteristics of the Japanese urban land law system: laws for administration and real estate promoters; the weakness of normative restraints and the importance of negotiation; limitations on the ability of citizen to raise objections through litigation.
Following this review, the paper describes current trends and issues which should be analyzed from the point of view of sociology of law: (1) "Post-Bublle" urban land problems and the impact on land legal systems of the Kobe Earthquake; (2) the necessity of realizing citizen participation and control procedures as decentralization continues; (3) new social demands to which land legal systems must adapt, such as the preservation of nature and the environment, and the achievement of a nationwide balance in the use of land.

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