発表者は、日本の学校運動部活動が歴史的にどのように形成され、拡大してきたのか、そして現在においてどのように維持されているか、というその形成・拡大・維持過程を探究している。本発表の目的は、その一環として、

の財務状況の推移を、とくに1989年の財団法人化のプロセスに注目しながら明らかにすることである。（中体連）は、中学校運動部活動の競技大会を運営する団体である。では中体連は、競技大会に必要な資金をどのように集めたのか、その財務状況はどのように変遷してきたのか。また中体連は、1989年に任意団体から財団法人へと変わったが、そのプロセスで財政的基盤をどのように整えたのか。先行研究が十分に検討できていないこの問いに、本発表は取り組む。資料は、の年度報告書『会報』などを用いる。

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近年多くのスポーツで、少子化などを要因とみる若年層の競技人口減少が問題化している。とりわけ柔道では、他のスポーツと比べて中高生年代の人口減少が顕著であるとされる。

　実際、全日本柔道連盟（以下、「全柔連」とする）の登録者数は2004年度から2022年度の間に8万人近く減少しているが、そのうち最も減少数が多かったのが「中学生」カテゴリの登録者数である。全柔連登録者の「中学生」の数は、2004年度に48,485人だったが、2022年度には26,799人と2万人以上減少している。

　この全柔連登録者数の「中学生」の推移は、

（以下、「中体連」とする）の柔道加盟生徒数の減少推移と概ね比例してきた。町道場やクラブなどの活動場所も存在する柔道でさえ、日本の多くのスポーツと同様に、学校の部活動が普及の中心を担ってきたといえる。部活動改革によって学校外へと活動の場を移すことが推進されるなか、中学生の柔道人口に着目することは大きな意義があると考える。

　これまで柔道人口の減少が議論される際には、講道館の入門者数や全柔連登録者数などがデータとして用いられてきた。また、柔道人口の減少傾向については、少子化による若年層の減少や教員採用数の減少に伴う専門指導者の不足、あるいは「イメージの低下による柔道離れ」など、柔道固有の問題に求められてきた。

　しかしながら、多様なスポーツがあるなかで学校がどの運動部を設置するか、複数の運動部のなかで生徒がどの部に入るかという選択は、単一のスポーツに内在する要素だけでは説明できないだろう。つまり、柔道部員の減少を考える際に、柔道のみの条件や数値だけでは十分に明らかにできないと考える。

　そこで本発表では、2001年度から2022年度の中体連の加盟生徒数・加盟校数に着目しながら、他競技との比較も交えたうえで中学生の柔道人口がいかにして減少してきたのかについて検討する。

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　The aim of this study is to describe the history of the Junior High School Physical Culture Association (JHSPCA) based on reexamination of the relationship between education and competition in school sports.
　Previous studies have maintained that there was a conflict between education and competition in school sports, and that the potential educational effects of sports were impeded by its competitive focus. However, it is assumed that the JHSPCA held competitive championships under the guise of educational activity. To fully understand the historical development of school sports we should instead reexamine whether the educational aspect of school sports is actually combined with its competitive one. This reorientation of perspective would then allow for new research questions, such as how the JHSPCA was formed and developed, and how and why it combined education and competition in school sports. The present study attempts to answer these questions, which previous studies have not, by analyzing documents gathered from official annual reports of the JHSPCA.
　The study produced a number of findings. Beginning in 1947 with the establishment of the postwar junior high school system, the JHSPCA first developed at the prefectural level. Initially the association was formed by PE teachers under the influence of the Ministry of Education, while also accepting the assistance of the Association of Junior High School Principals, local boards of education, and select sports federations. In 1955, the national level of the JHSPCA was initially formed in order to control the games and matches of junior high school athletes and as a counter organization to sports federations. Crucially, the JHSPCA differed from sports federations in that it was specifically driven by educational ideals. Yet, even with such an organization principle, it encouraged games and even matches under the name of educational activities. At that time, some prefectures did not have local JHSPCA branches; however, by 1967 all prefectures had designated branches and the association finally became a national organization.
　In conclusion, this study has clarified that the JHSPCA had to compete against sports federations and thus included a system of competitive championships within the ethos of school sports. By continuing to combine education and competition in school sports, it was possible to utilize competitive championships for the realization educational ideals. The present findings suggest that there is the possibility of modifying the prior consensus that education is opposite to competition in school sports in Japan.

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　The overabundance of extracurricular sports activities in Japan has been called into question. Its symbol is the Nippon Junior High School Tournament held by Nippon Junior High School Physical Culture Association. How was this event established? The purpose of this study was to analyze the process by which the tournament was established and to examine the relationship between education and competition in school sports.
　Previous studies have sought the reasons for the establishment of the national championships with the relaxation of standards for external competitions in accordance with the demands of sports federations, and have viewed the process as one in which competition disparaged education. This approach assumes that education and competition have a dichotomous relationship that is mutually incompatible, and the conflict between educative egalitarianism and competitive elitism has been viewed as a specific issue.
　However, this view does not allow us to understand why the Junior High School Physical Culture Association, which had been trying to suppress the national championships, turned around and held the Nippon Junior High School Tournament. In this study, we reviewed this issue from the perspective of the Junior High School Physical Culture Association, and clarified the active role it played in reorganizing the national championships in order to solve inherent educational problems, while competing with the sports federations that began holding the national championships.
　For the Junior High School Physical Culture Association, the process of establishing national championships was not a process in which athletic competition disparaged education, but one in which education was achieved through competition. How did it interpret the conflict between educative egalitarianism and competitive elitism?
　The Junior High School Physical Culture Association did not abandon educative egalitarianism while finding significance in competitive elitism. Rather, it placed more emphasis on the former in order to justify the significance of competitive selection. The national championships must be open to all students equally, not just to a few elite athletes, and they were interpreted as meaningful because the winners were selected after all students had participated. In this way, the conflicts between educative egalitarianism and competitive elitism were overcome, and as a result, the Nippon Junior High School Tournament was established. This was a historical turning point in the “overheating” of junior high school sports.

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