This paper discusses how China’s relations with other nations, especially with Soviet Russia had an impact on the Anti-Christian Movement in the year of 1922 in China. The Anti-Christian Movement started with the establishment of the Anti-Christian Student Federation (Fei Chituchiao hsüehsheng t’ungmeng). The main purpose of this federation was to protest against the 11^th conference of the World Student Christian Federation (WSCF) at Tsinghua College in Beijing. Previous studies have revealed that the federation was formed by the Socialist Youth Corp in Shanghai. But the debate still continues at the motivation of the federation to start the Anti-Christian Movement. Its relationship with the Great Federation of Anti-Religionists (Fei tsungchiao ta t’ungmeng), another (anti-Christian) federation that had a nationwide influence, has not been fully figured out yet.

The present study, examining publications such as newspapers of the time and memoirs, clarifies that: 1) anti-capitalism and anti-Christian thought expressed in the Congress of the Toilers of the Far East and the Congress of the Revolutionist Organizations of the Far East were the significant factors which drove the Chinese communists to the Anti-Christian Movement. Considering the fact that the two congresses were held in Soviet Russia against the Washington Conference, the Anti-Christian Movement in 1922, in a sense, was the manifestation of the conflict between Russian Bolshevism and American Protestantism in China; 2) unlike Anti-Christian Student Federation which was founded on socialist ideology in Shanghai, the Great Federation of Anti-Religionists in Beijing was grounded on the Anti-Religion Thought, which emerged during the time of the May Fourth Movement and the New Culture Movement. It was, however, the communists who took a leading role in the formation of both federations. And they listened to the intention of the leading Socialist Youth Corp in Shanghai; 3) one of the significant factors which contributed to the expansion of the Anti-Christian Movement among students and intellectuals throughout China was the Anti-Religion Thought, which was influenced by an enlightenment thought during the New Culture Movement (Renaissance) among Chinese intellectuals. It may be said that the Anti-Christian Movement was an direct extention of the enlightenment movement started by the New Culture Movement. It became increasingly radicalized, however, as communists began to participate in it with political purposes; 4) the radical anti-capitalistic and anti-Christian thought was finally formulated by the resolusion of the 1st Conference of the Social Youth Corp in Guangzhou in May 1922. Then after the First United Front, the radical thought further spread to the Chinese Nationalist Party (the Kuomintang).

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As an important representative of Japanese Asianism during the First World War, on the basis of the understanding of the China “terminally ill”, Kenkiti Kotera (1877–1949)’s China policy both advocated “Sino Japanese collaboration theory” and “China preservation and transformation theory”, also advertised “aggressive self-defense theory” and “vassal states discard theory”; over China’s policy in Europe and the United States he not only singed forward “confrontation of the East and the West civilization”, “yellow race competition” and others, but also asserted “maintaining the status quo”“and “international coordination” at present; on the external expansion policy advocacy economic instruments at the same time do not rule out the use of force. This “one integrity with both sides” suggests that Kenkiti Kotera himself didn’t break through the strategy framework of “take off Asia and go into Europe” and his Asianism deeply integrated into Japan’s China policy during the First World War later was inherited and used by Shidehara diplomacy and military fascism who took what they need.

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 This paper aims to grasp how Tiananmen Square was used in the May Fourth Movement 1919 which is regarded as a landmark incident of modern history in China, as well as in repeated mass movements that occurred in 1920s Beijing mainly by using newspapers.
 The May Fourth Movement started with a student protest in Beijing on May 4th, 1919, and ended on June 28th 1919 when the Republic of China (ROC) declined to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The first place that the protesters gathered on May 4th, 1919 was Tiananmen Square. Previous research gives the following three reasons why Tiananmen Square was used as a gathering place: 1) convenience as a key traffic stop, 2) openness as a public space, and 3) closeness to foreign embassies. In addition to these three reasons, this paper pointed out that the speech events held by Peking University in November 1918 in celebration of the World War I victory can be considered as a fourth reason. But after the first day, the students who participate the May Fourth Movement did not use the Tiananmen Square and distributed flyers and speech at various places in the city area, because the Square was sealed by Beijing police forces.
 After the May Fourth Movement, mass movements began happening frequently in Beijing. By investigating two newspapers called "Morning Post" and "Shuntian Times", events occurred at Tiananmen Square total 29 in 9 years from 1919 to the end of the Beijing Government of the ROC, of which there were 23 mass movements. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the mass movements that happened in Tiananmen Square during this period, and shows that the Square began to be used not only by students but also by business groups and workers in Beijing, that the scale of the movements expanded, and that the movements were often hindered by government authorities. And some unique uses of the space were also discovered in Table 1. In these mass movements, the people temporarily installed a speech podium at the center of Tiananmen Square and used the Square as meeting place or last destination of the demonstration activities in surrounding city streets.
 Comparing the usage of Tiananmen Square before and after the May Forth Movement, it is possible to find clear differences. One example of use before the May Fourth Movement is the military parade by the first president Yuan Shikai on the ROC's National Foundation Day, 1913. Yuan's military parade was held by Beijing Government of the ROC, used Tiananmen as a viewing stage of the president, and used only the Square without using the surrounding city streets, and was quite different from the characteristics of the usage of the mass movements after the May Fourth Movement, which were led by students and workers, temporarily installed a speech podium on the Square, and used the square together with the demonstration activities in streets. It is interesting that the usage of Tiananmen Square sharply changed before and after the May Fourth movement, but the space structure of the Square is almost unchanged except for a railroad track laid in 1924. It can be said that such situation seen in Tiananmen Square before and after the May Fourth movement is similar to Tokyo's Imperial Palace Sqaure or Hanoi's Ba Dinh Square before and after World War II.

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