Whenever the Tokugawa Bakufu dispatched a newly appointed governor of Kyoto (Shoshidai 所司代) to administer the Kinai region, he would be accompanied by one of the Bakufu's senior councillors (roju 老中), a practice known a hikiwatashi jokyo 引渡上京 (lit. presentation at the capital). This practice found its roots in the original ceremony regarding shoshidai succession, which involved the presentation of a document sealed in vermillion by a senior councillor to the newly appointed governor. Originally, on the occasion of a change of appointee, the newly appointed shoshidai would arrive in Kyoto, while his predecessor was still in residence and go through a short period of transition. The practice of hikiwatashi jokyo then evolved along with a diminution in the power and authority of the office of shoshidai that occurred between the Tenna and Kyoho eras (1681-1736), and became the established precedent as the result of negotiations with the imperial court in 1717 and 1726. As hikiwatashi jokyo took root, it gradually developed into a merely formalized ritual, leading the Bakufu to ultimately decide that it was no longer necessary, resulting in its disappearance in 1806. However, the fact of senior councillors visiting Kyoto was still a practice deemed worthy by the Bakufu for such reasons as impressing upon the people of the Kinai the authority of the Shogunate in Edo. For example, the arrival of senior councillor Matsudaira Noriyasu in the capital during 1850 was met with a report presented to him by the Bakufu's Kyoto town functionary (machi bugyo 町奉行) containing information on the local economy and evaluations of the capital's aristocratic families, which the Bakufu utilized in its policy-making decisions. Moreover, the imperial court took the opportunity of Matsudaira's visit to press it views on the necessity of strengthening the country's coastal and maritime defences. It was in 1857 that the arrival of United States consul general Townsend Harris was announced to the imperial court by senior councillor Wakisaka Yasunori during a hikiwatashi mission. This last example demonstrates that during the last decades of Bakufu governance, characterized by increasing international tension and a rise in the importance of the imperial court, the practice of hikiwatashi jokyo was revived as a means of conducting negotiations with the Emperors.

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In the present article the author offers an interpretation of the Shogunate's diplomatic known as shuinjo 朱印状 (vermilion sealed affidavit of official recognition) in late premodern Japan, focusing on the little know aspect of shuin-aratame 朱印改, an act that was implemented by a representative of the shogun, and about which little is known to date. Then a case study of this act is presented concerning the Koma 高麗 Shrine of Nihori 新堀 Village, Koma District, Musashi 武蔵 Province from the viewpoint of the recipient of the document and various problems faced by the Shrine in the process. In order to receive a shuinjo, a temple or shrine had to appear before the shogunate in Edo and stay there for about a month until all the paperwork was completed. Needless to say, such a stay was expensive, including not only travel and entertainment expenses, but also the heavy gratuity which had to be paid to the issuing authority (furegashira 触頭). There are cases of much pomp and circumstance surrounding such visits, the expense of which was all borne by the temple or shrine recipient, ranging from one to several tens of ryo 両. The shogunate frowned upon such extravagance and even made attempts to prohibit any gratuities being paid to the furegashira, while at the same time taking the prerogative to order that such payments be made. Needless to say, the intention was unclear and insufficient, for the gratuity was necessary in order for any temple or shrine to ensure that the shuin aratame process go smoothly and successfully. Since the ceremonial solemnity of the shuin-aratame process was expressly to reconfirm the Shogun's authority, it was very difficult to attempt rationalizing or simplifying this process, which was indispensable for any temple or shrine for attaining the highest status of an institution officially recognized by the shogunate, thus the extravagance connected with it was accepted as a fact of life by potential rccipients of the vermilion seal. Because of the important significance of the shuinjo for beth the issuing authority in the shogunate and recipient temples and shrines, there were definite limits to what extent the process could be simplified or expenses cut. In other words, the process was the way in which the importance, seriousness and honor of the shuinjo was reconfirmed within Tokugawa period society.

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『東海道名所図会』には、比叡山四明嶽の遠望に見えるはずのない富士山を描く挿図が収載されている。富士山が描かれた理由を、江戸に対する京の、文化的優位性や伝統を誇示するという出版意図にもとめた。富士山は東海道を、ひいては江戸を象徴する景物であり、それを京の文化で上書きしようとしたこと、さらに、宮中儀式の再興・復古によって朝廷の権威を強化しようとした時代背景が反映されていることを明らかにした。江戸への対抗心こそが、都を象徴する比叡山から富士が見える挿図を生みだしたのである。

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Studying "Osashizu-Goyo-ki" the followings were revealed. 1. The fundamental plan of reconstructing the main buildings of the Imperial Palace was laid down by Okajima-Kozuke-Jo who worked from April to December in the 8th year of the Tenmei era (1788) as one of the chief carpenters of Nakai-Yakusho. 2. He gave a technical support to the reconstruction works. 3. He assumed the responsibility for explaining to the nobles and officials of the Imperial Court the basic idea of his plan.

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