本論文では、明治期の黒住教の自己規定の言説を検証し、教派神道の明治期を通じた遷移について論じた。分析に際しては、その時々の黒住教の社会的立場を考慮しながら、史資料を読み解いた。黒住教において、明治前期から中期に見られた「神道」の「一派」であるという自己規定は、明治末期になり「教祖の道連の団体」である「黒住教教団」という表明へと変化した。神道的伝統において乏しかった集団的概念を、当時は常用されていなかった「教団」という言葉を導入することで克服し、教祖に原拠を置く信徒の集団であることを自らの語りとして獲得したのである。それは、黒住教が外部からの評価に晒される中で「団体的形式」を追求した「改革」の結果であった。教派神道は近代の社会変動の中で生じた神道の新たな宗門的形態であり、そもそもは政策的につくられた事務機関である。黒住教の明治期を通じた経過は、行政の産物である教派神道をより普遍的な「宣教型の教団宗教」として存立することを可能にした神道の近代的展開における一つの転機であった。

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In this article, I try to investigate how the judicial system was formed in the conflict regarding differing constitutional conceptions between the Meiji government and Jiyu-Minken Movement from the late 1870's to the 1880's. I examine the judicial reforms in 1876·77 and the debate about this in the Genro-In (Senate) in order to investigate the formation of judicial system.
The Meiji government tried to gain the people's confidence in the authority of the courts and carry out smoothly the policies of Tiso-Kaisei (the Land Tax Reform) and that of enhancing the wealth and military strength of Japan by the separation of justice and administrative business through the establishment of District Court in September 1876. However this separation was incomplete because the Inner Cabinet (Naikaku) administered arbitrarily the affairs of state on the whole that is, it intensified the right of the Minister of Justice to intervene in trials in 1876·77 placing the courts under the Inner Cabinet's control. This could have brought about the loss of the people's confidence in the judgements given by such courts and have made the people's disapproval of the policies change into the disapproval of the existing structure.
This problem was pointed out by the debate of Genro-In in 1877. It insisted on solidifying the position of the judiciary through the shared control between the three branches of government. This insistance involved two constitutional conceptions in opposition. One of these was the conception which would allow for direct government by the Emperor (Tenno). The other was the constitutional formation which would solidify the judiciary by ensuring that it was the means which would secure the rule of law.
Considering the above-mentioned facts, we can get a clue to the problem how the judicial system under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan was chosen from the various choices in the 1880's.

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