In this study, we investigate how different of display positions and operating fingers of a GUI button may affect a touch pointing task. The experimented consisted on the user pressing buttons displayed on positions selected randomly among 60 options and measure his pointing time, error count and which area was touched on each case. The experiments showed that the positioning and the operating finger can affect the pointing task.

抄録全体を表示

 A large number of super high-rise residential buildings have been constructed in Japan and quick damage evaluation is required after the future massive earthquake predicted in urbanized cities. In order to evaluate the general overview of nonlinear earthquake responses of super high-rise RC residential buildings, average models of nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom system are constructed based on the structural characteristics of nonlinear earthquake response models used in the past structural design of the existing 39 buildings. By using the proposed average models, nonlinear earthquake responses of the eight super high-rise residential buildings in Kyushu Island during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake are evaluated.
 The conclusions of this study are summarized as follows:
 1) The masses, linear and nonlinear springs per unit area are statistically compiled in terms of normalized height-wise distribution using the nonlinear earthquake response models. Bending shear springs used in some of the models are converted into equivalent shear springs. Modal participation factors from these models are also compared and their variation is found to be small. From above database, average models of nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom system are proposed.
 2) Proposed average models of nonlinear multi-degree-of-freedom system are validated from the nonlinear response analyses using input earthquake motions for the structural design. Structural responses using these models are consistent with recorded motions obtained at plural super high-rise residential buildings in the Tokyo Metropolitan area during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
 3) For the nonlinear earthquake responses of the three super high-rise residential buildings in Kumamoto City, effects of the consecutive seismic input motions of the foreshock and the mainshock are investigated using strong motion records during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The maximum inter-story drift angle is larger than that for only the mainshock, implying that effects of the foreshock were not ignorable.
 4) Maximum floor responses and inter-story drift angles of the proposed average system models were verified in comparison with those estimated from the results of questionnaire survey for residents in these buildings, e.g., scattering of small items on tables, action difficulty, overturning of furniture and cracks in wallpaper. Height-wise distribution is consistent between nonlinear responses and detected responses from the regression based on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.

抄録全体を表示

　When a large pulse-like ground motion strikes in urban areas, significant structural damages may occur to super-high-rise residential buildings along with human injuries or fatalities. Herein, to evaluate human injury, human responses were investigated in super-high-rise residential buildings using the Ricker wavelet as the pulse-like ground motion. Using nonlinear seismic response analysis models of super-high-rise RC buildings and those of the human body, the variation in the maximum displacement of the center of pressure (CoP) and head velocity was examined based on the predominant periods and amplitude level of the input seismic waves. The following conclusions were drawn.

1)　The maximum CoP displacement and head velocity of the human body in super-high-rise buildings excited using the Ricker wavelet tended to increase from the lower to the upper floors.

2)　Diagrams were proposed for evaluating the maximum responses of the human body in super-high-rise buildings. The Diagrams evaluated human responses using the maximum value of the pseudo-displacement response spectrum (pSd_max), maximum value of the pseudo-velocity response spectrum (pSv_max), and ratio of the predominant period of the input motion to the primary natural period of the building (T_p/T₀).

3)　If the predominant period of the input motion matched the natural period of the building, humans can suffer a minor injury when pSv_max=80 (cm/s) and a fatal injury when pSv_max = 130 (cm/s) at the building top floor.

4)　As the maximum CoP displacement calculated using the human model was larger, the action difficulty became greater based on the questionnaire survey for the residents of super-high-rise residential buildings during an earthquake.

5)　The maximum CoP displacement and head velocity of the human body obtained using the human model were compared with those obtained using the human body response evaluation diagram. The results obtained using the human model roughly corresponded to the evaluated values, thus confirming the validity of the human body response evaluation diagram.

抄録全体を表示

The objective of this report is to estimate the indoor damages of super-high-rise residential buildings during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake through a questionnaire survey for residents. The survey was conducted for 8 super high-rise residential buildings in Kyushu Island including three in Kumamoto City in late May 2016, about 1 month after the main shock. Intensity of floor shaking in Kumamoto City was much stronger than that in Kanto area during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Cracks in wallpaper were noticeable in the middle floors which is different from the Kanto case, partly due to different characteristics of input motions.

抄録全体を表示

Although Horizontal and rotational dynamic characteristics of super high-rise residential buildings has been studied based on recorded motions during the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, vertical dynamic properties were not fully investigated, which must be strongly affected by the dynamic soil-structure interaction. This study investigates vertical responses of the nine super high-rise residential buildings located in Kanto area using recorded motions including the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. Transfer functions of top responses to ground surface are varied due to vertical soil-structure-interaction with strong dependency of dynamic impedance function.

抄録全体を表示

This study evaluates action difficulty of residents for three types of high-rise residential buildings, i.e., earthquake-resistant, seismic response controlled, and seismically isolated buildings. The results of questionnaire surveys on action difficulty during earthquakes are reviewed with reference to aseismic types of buildings. A new formula is proposed for action difficulty evaluation using the accumulated values of time history waveforms based on strong-motion records and the questionnaire surveys. It is applied to action difficulty evaluation for three types of building models using seismic records and is validated in comparison with the questionnaire surveys.

抄録全体を表示

　The consideration of indoor safety during severe earthquake is necessary to minimize casualties in buildings. Most human casualties occur as injuries, such as bruises caused by overturning of furniture. However, injuries from the seismic response of humans, for example, being knocked down by earthquake shaking or the head collision to the wall, also could occur. It is important to consider the human response to the earthquake motions for the evaluation of indoor earthquake safety.

　Several studies have been conducted on human seismic response, and the seismic response analysis model of human bodies was developed based on the shaking table test which input earthquake motions to human subjects. However, the individual differences in human seismic response have not been studied so far. When investigations on human damages under severe earthquake shaking are conducted, person-to-person differences are considered critical.

　The purpose of this study was to identify the individual differences of human seismic response, and to develop the seismic response analysis model of human bodies which can consider the difference. For that purpose, first, a difference in human seismic response was investigated by comparing the shaking table test results of two human subjects. The comparison results showed that there is a difference between two subjects’ seismic response in the existence of residual displacement and the coping strategy to the shaking.

　Then, a novel feedback control method of the seismic response analysis model of human bodies was proposed where a time dependent reference value of the control system was adopted. Then the proposed model succeeded to reproduce the person-to-person difference between two subjects. In addition, response analyses of human bodies were conducted with the developed model inputting various strong motion records. The response analysis results showed that the characteristics of the differences in seismic response between subjects in the shaking table test were also shown in the results of the response analysis, and they vary depending on the frequency characteristics of the input earthquake motion.

抄録全体を表示