The piloti, elevating the building above ground, is one of the most characteristic modernist structural types. This element also has spatial implications, as recognized by Le Corbusier's “Five Points” and exemplified in his “Villa Savoye (1928-31)”. After World War II a number of such houses made their appearance in Japan. Here we aim to illustrate and examine how Japanese architects of the time extrapolated a design theme from this model, based on a study of such work as it appeared in architectural publications. Initially, two aspects of the piloti concept were selected, and each scheme was then subjected to a “KJ-method” analysis (originated by KAWAKITA Jiro). First, we scrutinized the architect's intention in adopting a piloti scheme. Secondly, we attempted to assess each architect's distinct view of the spatial character of the prototype, as exemplified in his deployment of the piloti model. At this point, the composition of each house was assessed with regard to two aspects involving the relationship between building and ground, namely the interrelation of building to site and to its natural gradation. Finally, the mediation between each architect's thinking and the final composition has been plotted in terms of this dual classification.

抄録全体を表示

 Introduction:
 Regional climate is an important element in architectural design. In particular, from the viewpoint of environmental problems and energy conservation, the passive design that uses natural energy effectively by architectural methods is getting its importance. V. Olgyay said there are three steps to create a comfortable indoor climate in a book “Design with climate”. Composite design based on consideration of the outdoor environment, architectural method and equipment is important for passive design. Thus, the importance of the architectural method is explained. Junzo Yoshimura (1908-1997) designed numerous houses in the postwar Japan, emphasizing architectural ingeniousness in addition to machinery facilities, consistently pursued the comfort of the housing. It is assumed that Yoshimura's architecture and thought to the environment are projected in works and discourses such as proportions of space, windows, openings that can be opened to the full, screens and fireplaces. This paper aims to clarify the intentionality towards environmental design in Yoshimura's housing work as seen from the spatial composition of the living room.

 Methods:
 First, location characteristics of the house were examined. To analyze the location characteristics and the arrangement of the main space, we examined the arrangement of the buildings, the building coverage, and the arrangement of the main spaces.
 Second, way of closing the main space was examined. The connection between the main space and the outside air, the volume of the main space, and the existence of voids were examined. Furthermore, way of opening the main space was examined. As a characteristic of the window connected to the outdoor, the window-wall ratio and the window openable ratio were examined.
 Third, based on all these results, spatial composition of closing and opening the main space was classified by the matrix. In addition, fixtures such as the fireplace, shoji screen were examined. From these typologies, Yoshimura's intentionality towards design of combination of thermal and air was analyzed.

 Results:
 1) Dominant arrangement of the building and the main space was northward and south in spacious condition such as site area and building coverage.
 2) In the whole space, external and internal connecting were almost the same number but the tendency is different for each part. A match between the median of volume and the proportion of the plane favorably used by Yoshimura was found. Windows were mainly based on mechanisms that can be opened and closed. Large and small windows were dominantly used differently with mechanism of ventilation adopted in all directions.
 3) Typological analysis of spatial composition showed tendencies when the boundary surface is external, the window-wall ratio was low, and in the case of internal, the window-wall ratio was high. Also, when the room volume was large, the window openable ratio was low, and in the case of small, the window openable ratio was high. Thus, many complimentary combinations were found, indicating that there was an intention to maintain balance in each of the thermal and air systems.

 Conclusion:
 In this research, on the domestic housing works of Yoshimura, it systematically was examined the spatial characteristics from the viewpoint of architectural design in the thermal environment.

抄録全体を表示

The purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate the American style housings in Okinawa by looking at their reutilization to non-dwelling functions. As survey methods, observations of housings and interviews with residents were used. Some results are as follows: 1) The American style housings of off base were provided by private sectors under the regulation and specification of U.S. military base. 2) By the survey, 3,726 housings are still existing and 293 housings are reutilized to non-dwelling functions. 3) As the reutilization, 3 types of reutilize styles were observed and it shows the spatial diversity. 4) The reutilization process is divided by 3terms, releasing to the local resident at the beginning, increasing of local residents, and extension of reutilization. The utilization is greatly affected by the rectangle shape of the housing as the provision and the reutilized space assures the residents that they make the diverse and flexible life that is stemmed from their autonomous activities.

抄録全体を表示

 Introduction:
 Each region has its own way of achieving comfortable environment. Japanese traditional houses have been designed to be open and passive for the summer. Seaside villas are characterized as dwellings in nature with magnificent views and fresh wind. In such villas, you can see various combinations of window constitution: a window facing the sea with the role of taking both views and wind, and windows with different roles like a seaward window for taking views and a landward window for taking wind.
 Focusing on the constitution and placement of such windows would clarify the balance of different patency by views and cross ventilation. This study aims to clarify how to utilize seaward views and cross ventilation in contemporary Japanese seaside villas, focusing on morphological characteristic of the windows.

 Methods:
 First, views were examined. Views being classified by the placement of glazing in a room facing the sea, the area of the glazing facing the sea as well as the rate of patency was examined. Then, for furnished rooms, the number and kinds of the furniture, the distance to the seaside front of the villa, and views seen from the place where the occupants gather, were examined. Based on these results, the characteristics of view patterns by the placement of glazing were discussed.
 Second, cross ventilation was examined. The positional relation among the windows taking wind and the relation between the windows and sea breeze were examined. To catch cross ventilation path regarding the place, the rate of the area with cross ventilation as well as the inclusion relation of the place where the residents gather, was discussed. Furthermore, the characteristics of cross ventilation were discussed.
 Third, based on all these results, we discussed the patency by the combination of view patterns and cross ventilation patterns and sorted the patency patterns by the index of the directivity to the sea.

 Results:
 1) For rooms facing the sea, view patterns were classified into three. Through the investigation of the patency of glazing of the seaward side, we have demonstrated the characteristics of view patterns: Fixed windows and windows that are capable of opening and closing on the seaward side were main streams. Catching the relationship between places in which people gather in a villa and other architectural elements, we discussed the characteristics of view patterns.
 2) By the combination of places taking wind, cross ventilation was examined morphologically. Cross ventilation was classified into four by its path. We have demonstrated that the path following the sea breeze was often found. Furthermore, through the investigation area occupying the room as well as the inclusion characteristics of peoples gathering places, the characteristics of cross ventilation patterns were discussed.
 3) Forming a matrix that sets view patterns in a vertical line and cross ventilation in a horizontal line, we obtained twelve patterns of patency. Arranging the patency patterns from the directivity, we clarified the followings: the basic pattern is cross ventilation following sea breeze: when views are limited to the seaward side, windows on the seaward side are for taking both views and wind: when windows play the role of more expansive views, the views of windows on the seaward side tend to have priority over wind.

 Conclusions:
 The present study has demonstrated twelve patency patterns of the utilization of seaward views and cross ventilation in contemporary Japanese seaside villas. Furthermore, we clarified the characteristics of the window compositions by arranging the patterns from the directivity to the sea.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, we improved the developed automatic arrangement program for the site planning of emergency temporary housing that runs on BIM mainly for the following two points.

1.　The location of housing units and parking lots has been optimized with GA.

2.　The operation of drawing a surface has been replaced with the operation of arranging points and lines.

As a result, the number of housing units and parking lots in the new program increased by an average of 12% and 26% respectively, and the time for the site planning was shortened by an average of 37%.

抄録全体を表示

We compare remodeling with replacement for housing improvement. The author considers that it is necessary to choose remodeling as the long span of detached house when comparing. This paper aims to clarify the characteristics of the remodeling from comparing with statistical data of replacement and remodeling, and from analyzing the way of change the part of its frames by remodeling, regarding detached house. As a result, these remodeling cases are chosen more large-scale in a cost and a total floor area than statistical data. Extension is done in parts with no structural influence. And the kind of the space influences strongly the remodeling way.

抄録全体を表示

 With the rapidly developing economy in China, the gap between the rich and the poor is becoming wider and wider. At the same time, the gap of education and school facilities between urban area and rural area is also widening. The reform of education has been carried out for about 30 years, but the development of the education facilities and space in urban area has stagnated for a long time. On the other hand, in rural area, with the outside help of architects and NGO, many creative school facilities have been built, which are rare in urban area and called by Hope Primary School (those are built in poverty-stricken rural areas of China and funded by charities in order to help children whose families are too poor to afford the tuition to complete elementary school education, hereinafter referred to as HPS). Many of these HPSs were built after the Sichuan and Qinghai earthquake.
 The paper intends to clarify the composition and the character of HPSs' architecture spaces and the process of the planning and constructions of HPSs in order to break the standard school planning for future school building.
 The methods of this paper include: 1) picked up 31 HPSs from architecture magazines and literatures, analyzed the geographical position, design concept, architecture space of them, and the planning methods of HPSs which are based on cooperation between schools and local society. 2) interviewed 13 architectural designers who designed HPSs, clarified the sequence of the project starting, the background and the process of the planning and constructions of HPSs. 3) implemented a field survey on the current situation and actual status of use of 14 HPSs.
 The conclusions are as follows:
 (1) In the starting of the process, the way that designers enter into the projects and their role are very important. At the beginning of HPSs' project, most of designers were chosen by NGOs / donators according open competitions except those who start the projects themselves. After that, the chosen designers will find problems on local education and society, decide location and scale of schools, and submit design proposal. The above features promote the functioning of the schools and reflect the involved local traditional cultures.
 (2) The valuable creation of various spaces is resulted from the designers' initiative of planning process. Although the low cost set a limit to the design, the designers succeeded in creating school architectures by introducing local traditional culture and features into the school planning through using local architecture materials and construction methods and employing local residents and contractors.
 (3) Taking not only the public budgets but also various construction funds promote forming a more democratic process of school planning.
 (4) The participation of local residents and contractors in the process of the planning and constructions promotes creating the school planning which will satisfy various needs of local society, connect with local traditional culture, and support cooperation programs and exchange activities between HPSs and communities.
 (5) There are various clients and various methods to start the project of HPSs. However, the design process and the way of getting the construction funds have not been systematized yet. The cost connecting to schools' quality is overall low, and the gap is still big.

抄録全体を表示