After having given the causes and aspects of pitch trouble in various spots at Takasago mill of the Mitsubishi Seishi Co. the writer remarks that the extent of trouble may depend upon the kinds of pulp and paper made from, and suggests such curable methods as seen below :
1.Adding 24% of bleaching powder in beater and after treating for 2 hours, to make paper without washing.
2.To blend both clay and size in beater after light beating.
On judging from the results of his testing, he says that the chief cause of pitch troubles will lie rather in quality, but not in quantity, and it is judged by the degree of stickiness of pitches in pulp, for which test its tackiness ought to be measured.
He suggests the following temporary methods as being effective for mill practices :
1.For the separation or isolated pitches washing out; dispersing and washing ;saponification ; salting out in beater ; Having on dandy roll sticked, etc.
2.Hardening of soft pitches.
3.Setting pitches on fiber.
4.Co-operation with pulp makers.

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この総説は，林業試験場十日町森林測候所（現在：森林総合研究所十日町試験地）の積雪に関する研究がどのような経緯で始まったのか，また日本雪氷学会の前身，日本雪氷協会の萌芽となった農林省積雪地方農村経済調査所（以後雪調と呼ぶ）の「雪の会」が如何にしてつくられ，日本雪氷協会ができたのかについて述べている．雪調は昭和恐慌によって飢餓状態に陥った東北地方の農村を救済するために1933年山形県新庄町（現新庄市）に設立された．雪国の農民の生活や経済を改善するには積雪の科学的な研究が必要であると考えた平田徳太郎（全国の森林測候所の前責任者で当時は嘱託，後の日本雪氷協会初代理事長）は発足間もない雪調を訪ね，山口弘道所長にその必要性を訴えた．これが縁で，平田は雪調から雪質に関する研究の委託を受け，十日町森林測候所における積雪研究の始まりとなった．一方，平田の訴えに賛同できなかった山口であったが，再三にわたる平田の説得を受け，その必要性を認識するようになり積雪の研究を行う決心をした．こうして1936年にできたのが「積雪研究会」で，各委員の責任のもと各分野の研究を進めると共に，各自分担して雪氷文献の抄録を作成することにした．この抄録作成のための会を「雪の会」と称したが，一般の研究者も加わり，雪に関する研究発表や意見交換の場となった．1937年1月と2月には雪国各地の視察に出かけた．その後，雪国のための試験農家を建設し，農家家族による居住実験を始めた．また積雪研究に必要な積雪の分類とその名称（雪調案）を作成し，雪に関連する機関や研究者による協議会を開催し，積雪の分類名称を決定した．この頃より「雪の会」を全国的な組織にしたいという機運が高まり，1939年に日本雪氷協会が設立された．

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On the Echigo Plain, the gangi arcades, a type of arcade constructed from the timber eaves of adjacent buildings, were built in many market towns through the Edo Period. These arcades were traditional in towns with heavy snowfalls. Over the years there have been many studies done on gangi arcades, but very few discuss their history. The purpose of this paper is to improve the understanding of gangi arcades between the 18th and 19th centuries. This is a case study of Sanjo Town, Echigo Province.

Sanjo Town was developed as the castle town of the Sanjo Domain in the late 1610s. After the abolition of the Sanjo Domain in 1623, Sanjo Town continued to flourish as a market town and a river port town. The main street of Sanjo Town, called Honcho Street, was built along the Ikarashi River. The gangi arcades were built on both sides of Honcho Street, Honji Street, and Hachiman Street by the mid 18th century. People used these arcades as covered walkways. In the mid 18th century, Ichinokido Village and Tajima Village, the villages adjacent to Sanjo Town, started to build some stores with gangi arcades. However Sanjo Town’s people called for a ban on these new buildings, and the people of these villages gave up building gangi arcades.

Gangi arcades were also used in a commercial fashion. For example, a merchant who set up the stalls of a periodic market using the gangi arcade style on Honji Street was described in the record of Sanjo earthquake in 1828. In the late 19th century, people set up mago-bisashi, boards attached in front of gangi arcades in the winter to secure the places for the stalls of the periodic market. These attachment boards were set up along streets with gangi arcades, and they were concentrated around both ends of Sanjo Town.

In Sanjo Town, stores with gangi arcades were constructed until the late 19th century but use of the gangi arcade style was discontinued by the 1930s.

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