A characteristics common to melody lines in ENKA (a traditional-style in Japanese popular song) is described in this paper. Feature patterns extracted from the power spectrum of melody lines in Japanese popular songs are analyzed by using fuzzy clustering. From the analysis, there exists a distinctive cluster where ENKA melodies are assembled. A rough style of the melody lines in ENKA is reasoned by analogy from the feature pattern common to the cluster. A melodic style common to ENKA is cleared when we take a view of the melody lines from long time axis in comparison with a melody length. From analyzing the feature pattern, it is recognized that the rough straight-line representing a melodic line is modulated by ups and downs fluctuations and the strong correlation between a note and front note can be expected in the melodic progression in ENKA.

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Every year, crowds of tourists visit Paris France. Paris has various factors that fascinate people. The author thinks that one of the factors is the scenery beauty. Paris is protected by restriction laws concerning the urban landscape. Therefore, the color and size of advertisements and signboards are specified in detail bringing the city to have a harmonious view. The most beautiful time of the year in Paris is the Christmas season. So, the author spent Christmas in Paris and observed its Christmas illumination. France is a catholic country. Therefore, Paris citizens have different life customs from Japan. How do people in Paris receive and spend the Christmas season? First of all, the author studied various customs of Paris during Christmas season and dedicated himself to observing the Christmas illumination in several places of Paris. The objects of observation were Avenue des Champ- Elysees and other streets. Additionally, the author observed the Christmas illumination in restaurants and the decorative lighting of Christmas displays in shops. The author further compared the illuminations of Avenue des Champ- Elysees in Paris and Ginza Street in Japan and considered recent tendencies in shop displays, lighting designs, and Christmas illumination.

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楽曲分析の一つとして, 旋律パターンを判別するための手法は旋律を比較する形で発展してきた。その多くの分析手法は目的毎に特異な分析形態をとっているのが普通である。本論文は, 日本の歌謡曲においては伝統的旋律の一つである演歌旋律パターンの類似関係について述べている。その類似関係の評価は旋律パターンのスペクトル傾度空間におけるファジィクラスタリングによって行われる。日本の歌謡曲531曲に適用したクラスタリングでは, 演歌と非演歌の二つのクラスタに大別できた。演歌が集群したクラスタ内の特徴ベクトルから演歌に共通する旋律パターンの特徴を類推する。更に, 旋律パターンのスペクトル傾度と旋律進行のお互いの関連についても議論する。

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