There are many organizations of companies from same hometowns at Naha-city, Okinawa prefecture. But these days, their action has been declined because of the reason of being aged and decrease of immigrants. Firstly, I researched the role and the specialty of the company. From the result of this research, I proved the declination of the company's action is not the same as declination of the company itself, and the importance of school-mate-connections. Secondary, I understood the specialties of the company and picked up some characteristic lifestyles, and clarified that their thinking tendency depends on the term from their leaving to today.

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In the period of the occupation by GHQ (General Headquarters of the Allied Forces), which lasted until 1952 in mainland Japan and until 1972 in Okinawa, it is reported that explosives were often used for fisheries over southwestern Japan. This kind of fishing has been banned by the law of hazardous materials, as well as by the fisheries law because explosive are quite possible to damage fishing grounds. This illegal fishing, however, was exercised in this period of sudden population increase caused by colonizers’ and immigrants’ return from Taiwan, Micronesia, and Southeast Asia because of Japan’s defeat. Especially in rural societies of small islands, who had sent off numbers of immigrants because of lack of lands and capitals to feed all the inhabitants, had difficulties in this period of massive returns. The “illegal fishing” was, therefore, exercised as a means to meet the huge demands of food, though situation differs according to places and periods. The details of this activity will elucidate the problem in fisheries and rural societies in this age, and focuses a significant aspect of the history of post-war Japanese fisheries. However, those who were concerned are not willing to speak on this matter because of its illegality. Now, almost half a century after the end of this fishery, the author feels that a large network of researchers should be organized to collect and record the related testimonies from various areas. This paper, as a deliberate contribution to the coming and far-reaching project, describes a tip of my own researches. In the present paper, the review of published materials relating to blast fishing is followed by analysis of testimonies from two witnesses living on two islands belonging to Yaeyama Archipelago, the westernmost islands in Japan’s territory. It is located just close to Taiwan, and separated from the Japan’s four major islands by a 1,000 km distance, and even from Okinawa Island by a distance of more than 400 km. Both of the two testimonies showed a various situations and processes of blast fishing which cannot be imagined from a stereotyped thought. The testimony from Iriomote Island revealed the various sources of explosives: dynamites provided from a coal mine, grenade, and extraction from unused cannon balls or mines. The blast fishing also proved to be conducted by not only fulltime fishers but also farmers, coal miners, soldiers in charge, and ex-soldiers who remained on the island. Such various non-fishers had to overcome the sharp increase in population and accompanying food demand without any fishing gears and skills. The series of the examples which the witness raised showed that, in 1930s through 1960s when economic conditions changed unstably, the socially-disadvantaged in each period used explosives for their own survival. The testimony from Kohama Island where fulltime fishers conducted blast fishing, on the other hand, showed a highly sophisticated integration of explosives into the technological system. For example, they adjusted the volume of explosives according to the target species and merchants’ requirement, while they also considered the point and timing to throw the explosive according to the species’ behavior. Their fishing method proved not to be destructive because the impulse did not reach to the bottom where a fisher once escaped onto in order to avoid the injury. Their activities were also far from easy business but a means of livelihood in a limited opportunity. Further collection and analysis of historical testimonies on blast fishing are expected now that the witnesses are getting old, although the researchers should pay attentions to the witnesses’ PTSD and privacy...(continued)...

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Tsushima is presently known as the “island of Japan-Korea exchange”, and this image has been recently spread by the media and researchers. The image is not based on the all historical facts, it is the result of the spread of images of “exchange and a friendly relationship” that the “Procession of the Joseon Delegation” symbolize. The local residents have become reluctant to mention the history that does not correspond to those images. This paper focuses on “irregular-trading (hensoku-boueki)”, an aspect of the “unmentioned history”. The irregular-trading that took place at the Izuhara port, the central city of Tsushima, is the history of “exchange” with the Korean people in the 1950’s and 1960’s. There appeared to be no previous studies on this topic, so this writer investigated irregular-trading based on field-research and references, including statistics, from the perspective of cultural anthropology and folk-studies. Through the analysis of irregular-trading itself and the narrative of the residents, the existence of a binary oppositional consciousness between Japan(ese) and Korea(n) has emerged against the background of the policing power of each nations.

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本稿の目的は、奥間勝也監督の映画『骨を掘る男』（2024）における重要なモチーフである、沖縄戦戦没者刻銘碑「平和の礎」をめぐるロングショットに焦点を当て、このショットが何を映し、またどのように解釈が可能かをこれまで「平和の礎」や沖縄戦の記憶の継承をめぐって展開された言説、および奥間による過去作との関連から明らかにすることである。本作で奥間は、遺骨収集の活動で知られる具志堅隆松を追いながら、自身の祖母の妹で戦没者の正子の痕跡を探索する。このドキュメンタリーを本稿では戦争体験の表象（不）可能性の問題を抱えながら、監督自身が沖縄戦を学びなおす実践であると位置付ける。

このように主張するための補助線として、クリントン元大統領が「平和の礎」を訪れた際のニュース映像（2000）や『写真記録「平和の礎」』（1995）におけるショットの分析を行うことで「平和の礎」が撮影者に要請する倫理について考察する。奥間は、刻銘と故人とをイメージの中でどう扱うかという倫理的要請を引き受け、過去作と本作のロングショットに共通する〈震え〉という手法により自身の身体性の導入を図る。『骨を掘る男』はこうしたカメラワークと音調整を巧みに組み合わせることで、「平和の礎」に集う人々と死者との「間身体的な協働」を表す多様な声のトーンを捉えており、その制作方法は表象困難な体験を継承するための有効な試みであると結論付けた。

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Previous studies of development policy for Okinawa under the U.S. Occupation have focused more on central Okinawa and less on peripheral areas. This paper presents details from a project called the “Iriomote Overall Development Project,” which was undertaken as a joint U.S.-Japan policy, but afterward was derailed in early 1960s. Through an analysis of historical sources, this paper reveals the prehistory and the grounds for the abortion of the project, which is largely unknown publically. Resettlement programs administrated by USCAR (United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands) and the GRI (Government of the Ryukyu Islands) are a main issue in the reviews of the history of Yaeyama district, where Iriomote island is located, under the Occupation. It is generally believed that the programs were executed as compensation for condemning of the military land on Okinawa’s main island, which triggered a resident-led struggle against the condemnation, and were finished when the struggle neared an end. A different story emerges in this paper, as the continuity between the programs and the overall development project is better substantiated. The project was much-ballyhooed when it first began, situated as a symbol of budding U.S.-Japan cooperation for Okinawa development. This has been well established among researchers on Okinawa, but the grounds of its collapse have never been deeply considered. The commonly-held reason of the project’s discontinuation was U.S. military’ fiscal difficulty, which, while true, is just circumstantial evidence. Using USCAR’s internal documents, a more detailed account of the situation is presented in this paper. Initially, after U.S.­Japan joint research on the island, there was a discrepancy of opinions between the two governments concerning harbor construction, which ended with the Japanese government’s suspension of funding in fiscal year 1962. The source of the discrepancy was general miscommunication and mistrust between the parties. Meanwhile, the High Commissioner of USCAR suspended some new resettlement programs for Iriomote island, budgeted at about a million dollars by the U.S. Department of the Army. Internal documents show that it was finally decided to return the entirety of the money in March of 1963, which must have been crucial to the implementation of the whole project. Beyond detailing the circumstances surrounding the virtual abortion of the development project, this paper also reveals adverse effects on regional agricultural policy resultant from the fact that USCAR had never formally declared the abortion. In particular, planned sites for the project remained after the project’s discontinuance, causing difficult land-use adjustments for local farmers. This paper adds to historical study on Yaeyama development policy, uncovers new ground on the insufficient development policies for settlers, and highlights the relationship between the governments during U.S. Occupation on Okinawa from the viewpoint of Okinawa’s periphery.

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Analysis was made to ascertain the social relations in Iheya Island, the northern end of Okinawa Prefecture, based on the applications for registration of marriage during the twenty-four-year period, 1957-80. As a result, author has obtained following findings. 1) It had been endogamous at the first five year period in which the inter-island marriage accounted for 80.4%. However, it had changed to exogamous in the period of 1966-71, in which the marriage within the island had decreased to 43.2% and to the contrary, marriage with those both from the other parts of Okinawa and from the Japan mainland had increased. 2) There was a marked tendency of exogamous especially among female since the reversion of the administrative authority in Okinawa to Japan from the United States in 1972. The young seldom return to the island, once they left for higher education or finding employment in the Okinawa Island or the mainland Japan. 3) Although the noticeable change from endogamous to exogamous had observed, moving in the island of those registered in the Japan mainland was negligible . And therefore it may fairly be presumed that the tendency of endogamous among those living in the island has been maintained. 4) The findings suggest that the traditional ways of life and value systems in the island are succeeding from generation to generation, and the island is rather socially isolated.

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　This paper aims to consider the role of local journalism from the positionality

of Okinawan newspapers concerning what is called “Okinawa Problem”

（Okinawa-mondai,）, especially problems related to the U.S. military base in

Okinawa.

　　When a U.S. military helicopter crashed over Okinawa International University

in the summer of 2004, the accident was reported as a news event with

important and contrasting differences between the articles of mainland media

and Okinawan media. It can be considered that these differences were generated

by their different standards of news values and the differences in the positionality

of the event as news media.

　In this paper, I try to explain the positionality and the role of Okinawan

local newspapers, namely Ryukyu Simpo and Okinawa Times, in taking up the

news event of the rape and murder of a woman by a U.S. military contractor

that occurred in the spring of 2016, and by analyzing the news reports, special

features, and editorials relating to the Okinawa mass protest rallies on June 19

against the vicious crime.

　　Results of my research show that both newspapers are positioned not only

as “agents” embodying and reflecting “the will of the people,” the sentiments

and thoughts of Okinawan people who have been forced to bear the heavy burden

of U.S. military bases, but also as “parties involved” standing on the same

side as the Okinawan people or sitting close together, by always reporting baserelated

problems like accidents, crimes, noise pollution, and environmental

destruction that affect their living space.

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