The Japanese word "koke", which is now accepted as a standard name for bryophytes, has been used also to refer to lichens because the word "koke" originally means a small hairy plant growing on tree-trunk. The "koke" may further be used loosely to encompass minute algae and fungi as well as some moss-like ferns. It is rarely applied even to dwarf flowering plants. The Japanese "koke" is analogous to the English word "moss", except that the "koke" does not mean bog while the "moss" otherwise refers to boggy ground. Scenes and feelings evoked by "koke", which is considered presumably referring to bryophytes, sometimes possibly including lichens and aerial algae, in Japanese literature and arts have been analysed and discussed in this series of studies (II-VI). Details of the literature and arts quoting or using the "koke" include the prose poem, 31-syllabled poem ("tanka"), 17-syllabled poem ("haiku"), novel, tale, essay, song, ballad, drama, pictorical art, Japanese garden, etc. The scenes and feelings associated with the "koke", especially bryophytes, are claassified roughly into four groups. 1. Long lapse of time, old ages, antiquity, eternity, constancy, solemnity, etc. 2. Beauty, quiet, elegance, rural and mountain-romanticism, etc. "Koke-musu (moss-covered)" conditions of stones, tree-trunks, ground, caves, mountain paths and streams are associated with the scenes and feelings shown in the above groups 1 and 2. The national anthem of Japan "Kimigayo (His Majesty Reign)" quotes the moss growing over mighty rocks, which indicates long lapse of time and eternity. Bryophytes, especially Musci, a precious attribute of Japanese gardens, are useful to give a peculiar quiet beauty and ancient look to the gardens. 3. Seclusion, simplicity, poverty, loneliness, bonze's life, etc. Clean but simple and humble natures of mosses have created unique Japanese expressions: "koke-no-koromo (clothes of moss)", "koke-no-tamoto (sleeve of moss)" ; "koke-no-iori (moss-growing hermitage)", "koke-no-iwato (mossy cave)", etc. The former two phrases figuratively mean the robe of bonzes (Buddhist priests) or clothes of hermits, and also their secluded life; the latter two represent a humble hermitage and a wild cave for religious austerities respectively, and further lonely condition of solitude. 4. Desolation, mutability, retrospection; death, tomb, nether world, etc. Mossy stone walls, mossy houses or roofs and moss-covered tombstones are associated with desolation and mutability, and they recall past times to our minds. Mossy conditions also refer to death and the nether world. A Japanese phrase "koke-no-shita (under the moss)" means under the tomb or in the nether world. Another expression "soh-tai (cleaning mosses on the tomb)" indicates visiting a tomb or celebrating achievement of ancient leading persons by reading inscriptions on their tombstones. A rarely used phrase "koke-musu-kabane (moss-growing dead body)" means a body of the dead lying in the field, for example, it is applied to the body of a soldier killed in a field during warfare.

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　This study examines the policymaking process related to the discontinuation of the Physical Education Bureau of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture in 1949, by focusing on the constraints on those involved. These aspects are summarized with reference to 2 points: constraints on participation, and constraints on selection.
　First, regarding the constraints on participation, it is notable that a decision regarding the formulation of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture establishment act was taken at a meeting between Takashi Morita and Paul Webb. Others were prevented from participating in the policy-making forum on the drafting of the bill. Even for policy decisions concerning the Physical Education Bureau, Toshiro Azuma and William Neufeld were unable to have any influence. However, with regard to the establishment of the Health and Physical Education Council, professionals who were peripherally involved were able to participate in discussions related to its purpose and about the members.
　Second, with regard to the constraints on selection, the following can be pointed out: Those who changed the direction of policymaking were Morita and Neufeld. Morita’s action was a policy reversal from establishment of the Physical Education Bureau to its discontinuation, and from the establishment of the Health and Welfare Bureau to its abandonment. The constraint occurred between the Physical Education Bureau, the Civil Information and Education Section, and the Ministry. Neufeld, as a Civil Information and Education Section official, irrespective of his intentions, had to chosen to discontinue the Physical Education Bureau.
　The implications of this study can be summarized as follows: First, the process by which the those involved were constrained was clarified both empirically and structurally. This has provided a new historical insight into the formulation of postwar physical education policies by facilitating a structural grasp of the policymaking process involved, which led to the establishment of a policy network for postwar physical education and sport.

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　A Sinologist and Occidentalist combined into one, Nakamura Keiyu was an enlightened thinker of the Meiji era, who is commonly referred to as the ‘forgotten philospher’ The present research will discuss some aspects of Nakamura’s understanding and perceptions of the Orient and his relationship with China, that have not been examined or researched so far.

　The thesis is divided into three sections. Part I examines Nakamura’s initial encounter and his continued involvement with contemporary China. Part II focuses on「支那不可侮論」and the Chinese view of the Sino-Japanese solidarity as perceived by him in the light of historical tradition. This part also covers Nakamura’s tolerant and open-minded attitude towards both eastern and western cultures. Lastly, Part III examines the impact of the cooperation between Nakamura and Chinese Intellectuals of the last part during the Qing dynasty, and on their thought and ideas.

　Nakamura’s personality is a beacon of light, and he can be said to stand out most prominently as a figure who began to invite public attention to the importance and worthiness of oriental traditions, while opposing the contemporary trend towards rejection of Asian values which occurred during the early Meiji era.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the big picture of the presidential appointment system of national universities after World War II and to explore what kinds of presidents were selected under the system. The system of president appointment prevailed in all imperial universities since the system was established in the wake of the Tomizu and Sawayanagi incidents, although legislation to this effect was not fulfilled. This system restricted the constituency of candidates to professors with methods of election : 1) Candidates narrowed down by preliminary committee in advance and 2) A president elected through several elections without a prior selection of candidates. The election system remained with an expansion in the constituency even after the postwar national university system was inaugurated in 1953 which included provision for electing a president independently. In the presidential selection at that time there were only four presidents who were elected at their old universities. The internal promotion system of a president was not a common pattern given the circumstances of antagonism among faculties and the shortage of candidates eligible for president. In addition, "the principal as the professional" that was the personnel transfer route of the Ministry of Education was dismantled because of the system entitling national universities to hold an independent election for presidents. Recommendations of the Central Council for Education (1963) and University Council (1995) pointed out that nearly all presidents actually had little in the way of management skills and that elections tended to become sensational and be favorable for large-scale faculties. The election system, however, has remained in national universities even after these recommendations. The presidents of national universities selected under the postwar election system have had the following characteristics : 1) Almost all national university presidents were selected in their early 60s as they came up to forced retirement as professors of a national university, 2) The number of presidents who graduated from imperial universities or former imperial universities has decreased, and the number of inbred candidates for national universities for presidents has increased, 3) Presidents being given internal promotion have become the majority, and 4) Almost all of these presidents in the postwar period were from the faculties of medicine, technology, science, education, agriculture, or economics. The presidents of national universities have been transformed from being seen as the "president as a symbol of the university" who was a graduate of other imperial universities, which was found at the beginning of the postwar period, to the "president as a symbol of collegiality" selected from his university and well-informed about that particular university. This tendency has remained after national universities were incorporated.

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This paper is an attempt to supplement the present states of the insufficient studies in the power structure in the political history of modern Japan. That is, it is an attempt to elucidate the structure of the Yamagata clan's rule over the House of Peers, which was, beside the Army, one of the most important bases of the clan. Chapter I is to be a basis for the analysis of the structure of the House of Peers. In this chapter, the clarification of the structural characteristics of the parties will be made by analysing the decline of the Konwakai parties-both in regard to the titled members and to the imperial nominees in the House. Chapter II is an attempt to elucidate the last period of the Second Katsura Cabinet, in which the system of the Yamagata clan's rule over the House of Peers was reorganized. Part I of this chapter deals with the two parties of Saiwai-Club, which played the major role in the rule by the Yamagata clan. This part not only discusses the nature of "the executive system" (which played a leading part in controling the parties), but also indicates the fact that the Yamagata clan practically ruled and controled both the two parties of Saiwai-Club by organizing the chief members of the executives into an unofficial organization called Jukkin-Kai. This part, in addition, investigates the generational characteristics of the Yamagata clan as a union of officials. Part II of this chapter investigates, with special attention to the viscounts and barons, the development of the Yamagata clan's deal with the titled members. Thus investigating, this part elucidates the fact that the Yamagata clan succeeded both in ruling the viscounts by ensuring its initiative in the Kenkyu-Kai under Mishima's order, and in ruling the barons by absorbing them into the two parties of Saiwai-Club. Also, this part clarifies the main causes of the Yamagata clan's success in ensuring its initiative in the Kenkyu-Kai. Chapter III is an attempt to investigate the divisional nature of the whole structure of the Yamagata clan as well as to explain concretely its centripetal tendency by paying attention to the actual cases in the House of Peers. And lastly, the importance of the House of Peers for the whole of the Yamagata clan is examined by comparing the House and the Privy Council.

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