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  • 紙パ技協誌
    2021年 75 巻 10 号 945-947
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2022/01/01
    ジャーナル 認証あり
  • 紙パ技協誌
    2005年 59 巻 2 号 252-253
    発行日: 2005年
    公開日: 2006/08/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • ペルトネン 純子, 長柄 毅一
    表面技術
    2019年 70 巻 5 号 266-269
    発行日: 2019/05/01
    公開日: 2019/11/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • デザイン学研究特集号
    2020年 28 巻 2 号 94-95
    発行日: 2020/11/30
    公開日: 2021/04/16
    研究報告書・技術報告書 フリー
  • *小早川 真衣子, 須永 剛司, 平野 友規, 山田 クリス孝介, 西村 拓一, 渡辺 健太郎
    人工知能学会全国大会論文集
    2017年 JSAI2017 巻 2F3-NFC-03a-1
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2018/07/30
    会議録・要旨集 フリー

    病院での看護の仕事の新しいあり方を看護師たちと共同でデザインすることに取り組んでいる。本稿では、その取り組みの成り立ちを明らかにするために、これまでのデザイン過程を省察し、3つの特性「表現すると本質を見出せる、共感が起きるとパートナーになる、実践に巻き込まれた時、本当の共同デザインが起きる」を見出した。これらの発見を報告し「活動を基盤としたデザイン」の思考と行為の特性を議論する。

  • 植本 誠一郎
    色材協会誌
    2002年 75 巻 8 号 401-407
    発行日: 2002/08/20
    公開日: 2012/11/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 田口 智子, 桐野 文良
    日本金属学会誌
    2012年 76 巻 4 号 265-271
    発行日: 2012年
    公開日: 2012/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The surface structure of Mameitagin, which is a silver coin used in the Edo period, was investigated by spectrophotoscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction, electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The EDS analysis confirmed that Ansei Mameitagin is composed of only 13% silver and 87% copper. However, an absorption edge at 600 nm that is characteristic of copper was not observed in the reflectance spectra. A layer with high silver concentration was detected on the surfaces of Ansei and Bunsei Mameitagin. After polishing, the surface color of Ansei Mameitagin changed from silver to copper, and an absorption edge was detected at 600 nm. The microstructure analyzed by TEM revealed that Ansei Mameitagin has two surface layers. One is a 0.6-µm-thick Ag-rich layer that forms on the ground metal while the other is a 0.8-µm-thick oxide layer composed of Cu2O. These results suggest that the surface of Mameitagin had been chemically treated to form Ag-rich layer called Iroage.
  • 崔 禎恩, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2010年 74 巻 6 号 365-369
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2010/06/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructure and impurities in a Korai (10~14c) Bronze Mirror illustrated with four boys with musical instruments has been investigated. Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope, and electron dispersive X-ray analyses are used to determine the structure of the specimen. The composition of the specimen is Cu-9.7 mass%Pb-10 mass%Sn-0.6 mass%S, and Ag and Si are detected as trace elements. The microstructure of the Korai bronze mirror consists of αCu, αCu41Sn11, Pb, and a phase containing S. It is clarified that the phase containing S is Cu2S (JSPDS 33-0490) by electron diffraction pattern analysis. It is thought that Cu2S is a residue of the intermediate product, Cu2S, in the refining of the copper ore, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). Therefore, the copper ore has not been completely refined. Fine Pb particles are observed in the Cu2S grains, and fine PbS crystals also exist between Pb and Cu2S.
  • 崔 禎恩, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2009年 73 巻 5 号 381-386
    発行日: 2009年
    公開日: 2009/05/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructure of bronze mirror fabricated in the Korai period (10~14th centuries) has been investigated. Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, electron dispersive X-ray analyses are used to determine the structures of the specimen. The composition of the specimen is Cu-15.2 mass%Pb-9.3 mass%Sn-0.5 mass%S, and Fe and As are detected as trace elements. The optical microstructure of the mirror consists of αCu, Cu41Sn11 (δphase), Pb and a phase containing Cu and S. The phase containing S has never been observed in Japanese mirrors or Chinese mirrors. This phase agrees with Cu2S listed in JCPDS No. 33-0490. Most of the Cu2S grains exist around Pb grains. The PbS nano crystal containing Cu phase that does not correspond to any known compound is observed between the Pb and the Cu2S grains. It is thought that Cu2S is an intermediate product matter in the refinement of copper ore, chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
  • 杉岡 奈穂子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2009年 73 巻 11 号 857-861
    発行日: 2009年
    公開日: 2009/11/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The nanostructure of the orange dye compound Pb2CrO5 in cotton fiber used for touzan fabric imported in the late Edo period has been investigated. Dyed fibers are taken from old touzan fabric. To observe the distribution of nanometer-sized compound grains in the fiber, the cross section of the fiber is flattened by ion milling after mechanical polishing. The nanostructure is observed by SEM and TEM. The composition and crystal structure are analyzed by EDS, XRD and ED. The dye compound Pb2CrO5, is mainly detected by EDS and XRD. Fine acicular precipitates of Pb2CrO5 are aligned along the fiber, forming concentric circles. The Pb2CrO5 crystals have lengths and widths of 50-100 nm and 20-50 nm, respectively. Fine rectangular monoclinic PbCrO4 crystals of 3-5 nm are distributed randomly throughout the fiber. Preferential precipitation is observed at a crack in the fiber, and a precipitation-free zone near the fiber surface is also observed.
  • 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2007年 71 巻 10 号 921-926
    発行日: 2007年
    公開日: 2007/10/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructures of red lead (minium) pigment and the behavior of the Pb species used in the wood-block-printed book Kodouzuroku published in the late Edo period have been investigated. A copper refining technique of the late Edo period is described in this book. Although the red lead pigment was used for the color of the flames in the illustration of the refining process, the color has long changed from red to black. A very small specimen is taken from the picture and then thinned by the focused-ion-beam method. The microstructures are observed using a transmission electron microscope. The Pb3O4 crystals exhibiting the red-color are detected in the pigment layer. The crystal diameter is 6~17 nm. Pb species that diffused from the pigment layer into the glue, which was used as a binding medium, are detected. The diffused Pb species are also detected in the paper fiber. Furthermore, nanosize αPbO particles have precipitated in the paper fiber. The Pb species diffused into the glue and paper fiber cause the blackening of the pigment layer and the paper fiber.
  • 崔 禎恩, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2010年 74 巻 1 号 30-35
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2010/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructure of the bronze coin, Headongtongbo, circulated around 1097 and fabricated in the Korai period (10~14th centuries) has been investigated. The coin is 23.4 mm in diameter and 1.7 mm in thickness with weight of 4.75 g. Transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and electron dispersive X-ray analyses are used to determine the structure of the specimen. The composition of the specimen is Cu-6.1 mass%Sn-1.4 mass%Pb-0.5 mass%S. αCu, Pb and Cu2S grains are observed using an optical microscope. The Cu2S phase has been observed in a Korai bronze mirror, as reported in the previous paper. The αCu phase shows a recrystallized polygonal structure. In some part of the αCu grains, twins and fine twinlike lines are observed. Cu2S particles are dispersed in αCu grains and the grain boundary. In αCu grains near the surface, grain boundaries and the twin boundary are corroded preferentially. The Cu2S grains retain their original shape and remain in the corroded layer. αCu corrodes from Cu2O to CuO, and then to Cu2CO3(OH)2.
  • 杉岡 奈穂子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2012年 76 巻 4 号 223-228
    発行日: 2012年
    公開日: 2012/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructure of silk fiber dyed by a chrom-yellow dyeing technique imported into Japan in the last Edo period has been investigated. The silk fiber is dyed using lead acetate and potassium chromate solution. The color is measured with a spectrophotometer. The microstructures are observed with a scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The crystal structure is determined with an X-ray diffractometer. The composition is analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. A thin film is prepared by the focused ion beam method to observe the nanostructures. The cross section is flattened by ion milling to reduce the damage of the surface. The absorption edge of silk thread dyed is 558 nm (2.2 eV). The edge agrees with that of PbCrO4. The dyestuff compounds, monoclinic and orthorhombic PbCrO4, are detected by X-ray diffraction analysis. The PbCrO4 crystals precipitate on the silk fiber surface; the length and width of the crystals are 0.2~1.2 µm and 0.05~0.4 nm, respectively. Preferential precipitation is observed in the fiber, and most of the precipitates align along a specific direction in the fiber. Fine PbCrO4 particles with a size of 4~170 nm are also observed in side of the silk fiber. The distribution of precipitates shows that there is a correlation between the precipitation phenomenon and the silk fiber structure. An outline of the microstructures of the silk fiber can be revealed by exploiting the preferential precipitation.
  • 崔 禎恩, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2011年 75 巻 8 号 438-444
    発行日: 2011年
    公開日: 2011/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The microstructure of the surface corrosion layer of the bronze coin Headongtongbo fabricated in the Koryo period (11th-12th centuries) in Korea has been investigated. The coin was first produced in 1097 and had been circulated in the first Koryo dynasty. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to determine the structure of the specimen. The matrix composition of the specimen is Cu-6.1 mass%Sn-1.4 mass%Pb-0.5 mass%S. Metallic phase αCu, Pb and Cu2S are observed in the bronze matrix. The surface corrosion layer consists of brown, grayish brown and greenish corrosion matters. The closer to the surface, the Cu concentration decreases. Conversely, the closer to the surface, Pb and Sn concentrations increase. The brownish layer consists of CuO. A mixture of Cu2O, CuO and SnO2 is observed from the grayish brown layer on the αCu matrix. The greenish corrosion layer is malachite (Cu2(CO3)2(OH)2) containing Sn and Pb. Chlorine introduced from the environment is detected from a part of the corrosion layer.
  • 貴田 啓子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2010年 74 巻 3 号 158-164
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2010/03/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The deterioration mechanism of ferric ferrocyanide (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·xH2O) which is called Prussian blue, used as a blue pigment in Ukiyo-e printed in late Edo period, has been investigated. The two Ukiyo-e of the same design differ in their degree of deterioration; one print has good color, but the other is seriously discolored. The conditions of their blue areas are compared. The composition of the Ukiyo-e color pigments are analyzed by EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). FT-IR (Fourier Transform infrared Spectrometer) is used to identify the functional group in the chemical compound. Areas of good blue color in the Ukiyo-e contain Fe, which is the main element in ferric ferrocyanide. In the FT-IR spectra, the absorption peak of around 2090 cm-1 corresponding to the CN triplet combination of ferric ferrocyanide (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3·xH2O) is recognized. The Fe concentration in the faded blue area in the discolored sample is reduced to one-third that in the nondiscolored sample at the same position. The peak corresponding to the CN group has disappeared. A non discolored sample is subjected to accelerated ageing under the condition of high temperature and high humidity (353 K, 65%rh). The peak intensity of reflectivity in the aged sample decreases gradually with ageing.
  • 星 恵理子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2009年 73 巻 5 号 387-393
    発行日: 2009年
    公開日: 2009/05/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The paper painted with green pigment containing Cu discolours and its mechanical properties also deteriorate. The microstructure and decomposition of the green pigment have been investigated. Specimens are obtained from a hand-coloured wood-block print from the late Edo era. A transmission electron microscope and EDX spectrometer are used to analyse the green pigment and changes in the quality of the pigment. The green pigment is polycrystalline copper acetoarsenite Cu(C2H3O2)2•3Cu(AsO2)2, and contains Cu-As-O compound, the composition of which is different from that of copper acetoarsenite. Small crystals grow radially and form a spherical and its crystal. Cu2O, As-S compounds and the Cu-As-O compound produced in the decomposition process of copper acetoarsenite are detected around the discoloured cellulose fibers. Of these, it is considered that the coloured Cu2O and As-S compounds stain the fiber.
  • 田中 眞奈子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2009年 73 巻 10 号 778-785
    発行日: 2009年
    公開日: 2009/10/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The metallurgical microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel barrel of a Japanese matchlock gun fabricated in the Edo period have been investigated. The purpose of this work is to obtain modern materials-science data of the Japanese matchlock gun and to study the manufacturing technique of the steel barrel. Test pieces are cut from the center, the muzzle and the screw of the barrel. The carbon concentration is determined by chemical analysis. The metallurgical microstructure and nonmetallic inclusions of the barrel are observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Test pieces for measuring the mechanical properties are cut from the gun. To evaluate the hardness, Vickers hardness (Hv) is used. The stress-strain curve, tensile strength and elongation of the gun are obtained.
       The carbon concentration is 0.01∼0.1mass% for the center of the barrel, 0.04∼0.1 mass% for the muzzle of the barrel, 0.05∼0.5 mass% for the front sight (Saki-meate in Japanese) and 0.13∼0.3 mass% for the male screw. The distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in the center and in the muzzle of the barrel suggest that the barrel was fabricated by a manufacturing technique called Udonbari (in Japanese). The metallurgical microstructure of the specimen taken from the muzzle of the barrel in the vertical direction suggests that the barrel and a front sight were joined mechanically. Both male and female screws were made by a cutting technique. The tensile strength and elongation are 316∼366 MPa and 25.0∼31.4%, respectively.
  • 杉岡 奈穂子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2008年 72 巻 11 号 863-867
    発行日: 2008年
    公開日: 2008/11/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The metallic compound of the yellow dyestuff used for touzan cotton fabric imported in the late Edo period has been investigated. Cotton threads dyed three colors, indigo blue, shellac dark red and unknown yellow, are used in the specimen. The color is analyzed with a spectrophotometer. The microstructures are observed by SEM. The composition and crystal structure are analyzed by EDX and XRD, respectively. The average diameter and length of the cotton thread used are 20 μm and 27 mm, respectively. From the size, the cotton is thought to be made in a country in Southeast Asia. Many particles 1-2 μm in length and 0.2-0.7 μm in width are observed on the thread surface. The absorption edges at 536 nm (2.3 eV) and 730 nm (1.7 eV) are observed in the reflectance spectrum. The yellow color is determined by the edge at 536 nm, and the dyestuff material is a semiconductor having the band gap of 2.3 eV. Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) species are detected from the surface and the inside of the cotton fiber. The metallic compound, PbCrO4, is detected by XRD; this compound is called chrome-yellow and was developed in Europe at the beginning of the 19th century.
  • 北田 正弘, 桐野 文良, 山本 和弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2007年 71 巻 1 号 85-89
    発行日: 2007年
    公開日: 2007/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The surface structure of a metallic mirror fabricated in the late Edo period has been investigated. A Sn layer of 100 nm thickness on the mirror surface is observed by cross-sectional Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hg is detected in the Sn layer by EDX analysis. This means that the surface Sn layer of the mirror was fabricated using an Hg-amalgam technique. By AES measurement, an Sn-Cu alloy at the interface between the Sn layer and the Cu base metal is detected. The Sn surface has been oxidized. The oxide layer consists of SnO2, SnO•SnO2, SnO and Sn in order of increasing distance from the surface.
  • 杉岡 奈穂子, 北田 正弘
    日本金属学会誌
    2010年 74 巻 4 号 242-249
    発行日: 2010年
    公開日: 2010/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The distribution and nanostructure of the orange dyestuff compound, Pb2CrO5, in cotton fiber used for touzan fabric made in the late Edo period have been investigated. Dyed fiber specimens are taken from old touzan fabric. To observe the distribution of nanometer-sized compound grains in the fiber, the cross section of the fiber is flattened by ion milling after mechanical polishing. The macrostructure is observed by X-ray CT. The nanostructure is observed by SEM and TEM. The composition and crystal structure are analyzed by EDS, XRD and ED. The dye compound, Pb2CrO5, is mainly detected by EDS and XRD. Fine acicular precipitates of Pb2CrO5 are aligned along the fiber, forming concentric circles. The Pb2CrO5 needlelike crystals have lengths and widths of 100~300 nm and 20~50 nm, respectively. However, the needlelike precipitate consists of an aggregation of many nanometer-size Pb2CrO5 crystals. Preferential precipitation is observed at cracks in the fiber, and precipitation-free zones near the fiber surface, in the area of the fiber lumen and in the area near the crack are also observed. It is thought that the Pb2CrO5 nano-crystals nucleate and grow in the amorphous area in the fiber. A possible nucleation and growth model of the Pb2CrO5 crystal is proposed.
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