本稿の目的は、満蒙問題に注目し、新四国借款団の結成過程における日本の国際関係や対中国政策の特質を再検討することである。本稿の視角は以下の三点である。第一に、旧借款団（六国借款団を起源とする）と新借款団との関係である。第二に、旧借款団の中心的な存在であったイギリスの動向である。第三に、日本国内の政策主体の相互関係である。
　原敬内閣は、満蒙を地域として新借款団の事業範囲から除外する概括主義を閣議決定した。シベリア出兵が行われているなか、特に田中義一陸相は日本の国家的前途という観点から満蒙の重要性を説明し、概括主義を主張した。原内閣は英米に満蒙の概括的除外を要求した。これに対し、英米はともに日本の要求に反対した。しかし、「勢力圏」認識に基づき、イギリス外交は次第に方針を転換し、日本と満蒙との特殊な関係に理解を示すようになった。
　しかし、原内閣は新借款団への参加を正式に決定しなかった。なぜなら、同時期にイギリス政府は500万ポンド借款を提案し、この借款の条件のなかに寺内正毅内閣の支援によって創設された中国の参戦軍を解散することが含まれており、日本陸軍の反発を引き起こしたからであった。イギリス外交は新借款団結成の遅延を懸念し、参戦軍の解散を500万ポンド借款の条件から撤回した。その結果、原内閣は満蒙の概括的除外を譲歩した一方、「満蒙の鉄道利権」を新借款団の事業範囲から除外するように主張した。英米は日本の要求を認めることはできず、結局、日本が洮熱鉄道を提供することで妥協した。
　日本が新借款団に参加する際、国外ではイギリスによる日本と満洲との特殊な関係の承認、国内では陸軍の利害関係が重要な判断基準となっていた。特に後者は、旧借款団の結成時と比較すると、特徴的である。また、原内閣は国際協調をとりつつも、中国情勢の変化にともない、干渉政策を実施していたのであった。

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As Japanese government forced the 21 demands on Chinese government, there arouse an Anti-Japan movement in China. Japan gave up to claim the Boxer indemnities and in 1923 it started “the Cultural Work for China”, but the Chinese people rejected the Japanese project, because they thought it a kind of cultural invasion. A joint committee of both countries was organized to take the Chinese opinions into consideration, and planned to establish a library of ancient Chinese books in Pei-ching, but because of Chi-nan Incident in 1928, the project broke down.
In October 1935，Japan made a new plan of establishing a Japanese library in Pei-ching for reconstruction of the Japanese cultural works in China. This library was called the Modern Science Library Pei-ching. Saburo Yamamuro was appointed to the director. The preparation works went on and the library was opened on December 5th, 1936.
After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, this library promoted the active services, such as instruction of Japanese language, editting and publishing the text books in Japanese language, and various exhibitions. But Chinese people opposed these library activities. On September 27th, 1938, someone set fire to the library building. As the war went on, the library service was reduced to the minimum, and in 1945, the year of the defeat of Japan, the library was closed.

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Article 30 of the Meiji Constitution pertaining to petitions filed by imperial subjects specified that "rules" for concrete procedures were to be established; and the Parliament Act (Gi'inho 議院法) concerning petitions to the congress, and the Petitions Act (Seiganrei 請願令) pertaining to petitions filed with the Emperor and administrative bureaus were promulgated as a result. This article examines the process of promulgating the Petitions Act by discussing why the act was passed in 1917. in addition, the article discusses the new link that was established between the Emperor and his subjects (or rather, the nation) through the enactment of the petition system through an examination of the conditions before, during and after the enactment of the Constitution. Because the act of petitioning the Emperor was prohibited prior to the Constitution's enactment, focus was placed more on appeals to administrative bureaus at that time. However, in the process of enacting the Constitution and studying European practices, petitioning the Emperor came to be interpreted as being important as petitioning the legislature and administrative bureaus. After the Constitution was enacted, petitioning the Emperor became the subject of a debate between Ito Hirobumi (伊藤博文) and Ito Miyoji (伊東巳代治) within the process of preparing an imperial household system. The argument concerned how petitioning should be understood in terms of the "will of the people": Would it be a means of "procuring the will of the people" or "probing the will of the people?" Furthermore, heated debates arose on how the Emperor and the legislature should be positioned within the framework of the Constitution. For example, what would be the interrelationship between petitioning the two (i.e., expressing the "will of the people") and perceptions concerning the relationship between the monarch and his subjects. The promulgation of the Petitions Act was also interpreted as a measure responding to a changing society and as a law protecting the rights of imperial subjects. Consequently, the Petitions Act, which attempted to systematically lay out the petition process, was a piece of legislation that "probed the will of the people" and, as a matter, was the first law of its kind to do so under the Constitution. Furthermore, the Act represented a new linkage between the Emperor and the nation, through the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal, who was put in charge of handling petitions filed with the Emperor.

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