We report here a case of Hydrops foetails found in a pregnant woman with low titer anti-Jr^a antibody. The antibody titer was 1:8, and the immunoglobulin subclass was IgG1 and IgG4. The newborn had the same antibody as mother's in its serum, and its red cells were positive for direct anti-globulin test. The elution of antibody bound to baby's red cells was also confirmed by polyethylene glycol (PEG)-indirect anti-globulin test.
The direct evidence, in which Hydrops foetalis was originated from immunological reaction between low-titer anti-Jr^a antibody and Jr^a-positive red cells, was not obtained. However, it was presumed that an altered circulatory condition by congenital left heart hypoplasia of the foetus accerelated its hemolytic reaction.

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This paper clarifies the relation between what I call “Simplified Ideology” and the formalization of NPO/NGO activities. This “Simplified Ideology” is a simplified form of an existing organizational ideology that NPO/NGO members employ whenever they encounter difficulties on the ground. As a matter of fact, the strict formalization of their activities, however, tends to result in a diminished capacity to answer quickly to the situation at hand. Then, in this paper, I will argue that an accurate use of the “Simplified Ideology” may help prevent such problems. The use of the “Simplified Ideology” may also contribute to the development of NPO/NGO's “creativity”, required to solve problems encountered in the field. In this regard, I analyze the activities of (1) Médecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) and (2) the Japan International Volunteer Center (JVC).

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本稿では、大規模自然災害の人道支援に関する先行研究の潮流や、研究分野に対する実証的な課題をレビューし、実践者に対する聞き取りと国際NGOでのフィールド調査をベースに、人道支援のジレンマについて検討を加えた。実践者は、国際NGOが内包する関係に起因するドナーと被災地の二元的な要請や、被災者のニーズに呼応する人道支援と対峙していた。実践者の直面したジレンマの背景となる要因を明示し、ジレンマを理解するための視点として、被災者の「周辺」とドナーの「中心」が人道支援の領域において重要である。この視点に基づいたアプローチは、人道支援の活動と資金、組織論、官民連携の問題など、実証的・理論的データを蓄積するために必要であり、欠くことができない共通する要素であると思われる。 本稿では、実践者の証言や国際NGOでの調査によって得られた知見をもとに、ジレンマの根拠を明示するための分析を行い、｢周辺」と「中心」の視点から検討を試みた。

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