本稿では，日本の先駆的業績と位置づけられる新渡戸稲造農業論の主著『農業本論』を中心に取り上げ，これまでの先行研究ではあまり論じられてこなかった点――特にモノグラフ研究法の手法と全人的な農民把握――に注目し，彼の思想の特質と上の先駆性をあきらかにする．くわえて，現在からみてのに対する意義を示唆的に提示する．その際には新渡戸の提唱した「地方学」および彼の都市農村関係論，とりわけ“農工商鼎立併進論”，さらにはその基盤にある農民心理・性格等の分析に注目する．
 新渡戸は，当時の農民の心理，意識，道徳等を平等な人間観にもとづき全人的に把握している．それによって，中央集権的に上から教化しようとする姿勢から，一線を画すことができた．地方学にこめられた地域の自立を重視する姿勢の基盤には，このような，新渡戸の農民把握の姿勢が存している．そこには，当時の小農保護論の問題状況のなか，地方（農業）の担い手を自立的な農民にもとめていたことが関わっている．このことと，地方学の構想，都市工商業との関係，農工商鼎立併進論の志向は連関しあっているのである．こうした点において，新渡戸農業論を，いわゆる内発的発展論の系譜に位置づけることは可能であろう．特に地方学は，日本のモノグラフ研究の系譜に位置づけるべきものであろう．
 新渡戸農業論は日本その他の先駆的な位置におかれうるものだが，単に先駆的というだけではなく，専門分化していない時期のダイナミズムだからこその視角・着眼等を汲み取りえる業績といえる．

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福武直(1917-1989)は者として知られるが,社会政策学会との関連も深い。社会政策本質論争のときに論文を発表し,批判された。その後,社会政策に対して沈黙を守るが,晩年,再び発言するようになる。その福武は,日本の社会学史のなかで,(1)実証研究の伝統の確立者,(2)の学派の創設者,(3)社会調査法の確立者,(4)標準的な教科書の作成者,としての顔をもつ。社会学者・福武に対しては,社会学を現実に向かわせ,日本社会の普遍的な説明を試みた,との肯定的な評価がある一方,社会学のなかにマルクス主義を密輸入したとの批判もある。福武の本質論争のときの論文には晦渋さが目立つが,これを戦前の社会学から戦後の社会学への脱皮のための通過儀礼と解すると理解しやすい。晩年の社会政策への回帰は,外在的な理由もあるが,の方法論の延長と考えられる側面もある。福武の仕事は,社会学者が社会政策の分野で活動する道を開いた。

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After the World War II, especially since 1960, as the agricultural policies of Japan's monopolistic capitalism have made the maintenance of Japanese agriculture which is constructed by the extremely small farming difficult, rural society of this country changed so largely as to be called “Collapse of Mura (village community)”.
The Japanese village community has been said to be autonomous and self-sufficient and has had two functions, one of which is to maintain community life itself and the other to complement the local administration in the community. But the disintegration of the village community makes it impossible to perform these functions so that, one the one hand, government tries to reorganize rural people into a new “Community” and expects it to continue functioning as the lowest unit in the net-work of local administration.
On the other hand, the autonomous nature of the village community has to be reconsidered in relation to the present situation of rural disorganization. Some sociologists take that specific social system of the community which is adaptive to but not fully determined by the government policy for the community “autonomy”. But such an “autonomy” should be regarded as a negative one, and especially in the cource of rising of the citizen movement, it must be defined as a positive one, i.e. the autonomy which is established consciously against the agriculture destruction policy of the monopolistic capitalism. How can we find such an autonomy in our rural society ? And what is the tasks of today's rural sociology ?
I want to present three tasks as follows :
(1) To study the present situation and trend of cooperative groups for agricultural production.
(2) To investigate the increasing interrelations of the farmers to the nonfarming people in the community on the basis of enlarging socialization of the community life.
(3) The research field of rural sociology has also to be enlarged in accordance with the development of local solidarity of laborers and farmers to build up their own autonomy. This enlargement of the research field implies the necessity of the interdisciplinary studies of the local community and rural sociologists ought to take part in them.

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　　　My research career consists of four stages. In the first stage (about from 1953 to 1970),my main interest of the research had been placed on theoritical studies of Japanese village community (Mura). At the second stage (about from 1970 to 1985), under the influences of drastic change of rural society and its effect on rural sociology, I gradually diverted research interest from rural studies to family sociology. Speaking of rural studies through this time, I mainly engaged in practical surveys of rural problems. Interest of the studies in the third and fourth stages are almost same direction with second stage. If adding something another through these stages, rural community as an ideal or purposive concept has been becoming one of important perspectives of my rural studies.

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In the course of the high economic growth since 1955, rural society of our country has undergone a drastic change. With the advent of the sixties, this change became so marked that it came to be referred to as “Collapse of Mura-village community-”. This paper aims to examine the meaning of the problems with which rural communites have been confronted by the above-mentioned change.
In this paper two points are taken up for discussion. In the first place, the changes which “Collapse of Mura” has produced in rural communities are studied. In the second place, the changes in the rural community called “Mura” are traced to the Meiji Restration, and the role of the changes played in connection with total society is discussed.
At present there are considerable differences of view on “Mura”. The writer's view is that “Mura” is an agricultural village community, a kind of “Gemeinschaft”, relying on the interdependence of the peasantry. Viewed in this light the so-called “Collapse of Mura” does not necessarily mean the disorganization of “Mura”, so long as it keeps up the interdependence of the peasantry. What is more important is that such a phenomenon as “Collapse of Mura” shows that there is in rural communities a general tendency which forms a part of the structural change of our country.
Before the World War II, though it was repeatedly reorganized in the process of the development of society as a whole, the “Mura” preserved a position to be utilized as a smallest but powerful unit supporting the constituted order controlled by the Tenno system. The same is true after the War. The communal order of “Mura” is still preserved as an institution to support the establishment. With the advance high economic growth essential changes have begun to take place in the existing relations between “Mura” and the establishment. Now, the importance of “Mura” is becoming smaller and smaller both to the ruling class and to the farming polulation. And the Government is planning to establish a more centralized administration fitted for a vast area. As a result “Mura” has become one of the numerous life areas of the village population.
In this connection it is extremely necessary to establish new methods of approach to the study of the rural community.

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