Since the theory regarding this kingdom was put forward by Mayers in 1875, A. D., according to which Ho-ling is the transcription of Kalinga in South India and showing that the people coming from that region had settled in Java, many scholars have accepted it. In 1964 Damais, who had been trying to prove the new theory by Coedés (proposed in 1948) wrote an article, in which he said that the name of Ho-ling in Chinese is to be transcribed Walai_??_ in Old Javanese found in southen Central Java, and that this state existed as a kingdom from 640 A. D. to 818 A. D. In 1962 Iwamoto wrote an article, in which the name was transcribed as Sailendra.
This writer has drawn following conclusions regarding this problem, 1) that Ho-ling existed from before 640 A. D. to the second half of the ninth century (860-875 A. D.), according to the Hsin T'ang-shu, 2) that Ho-ling was established as a country in before 640 A. D. because it had sent the envoys to China in 647 A. D., 648 A. D., and 666 A. D. which were earlier than the years noted in the book by (_??_ie-dzia_??_) on the country of Srivijaya, 3) that during (Da_??_) period the main harbor was (Kua_??_-tsi_??_u) for plying between China and India or Southeast Asia by ship and then the route was along East of Malay Peninsula and Java, according to some historical sources in Chinese, 4) that Ho-ling is given the names of (Zia²-b'uâ¹) and (Zia¹-b'uâ¹) in the Hsin T'ang-shu and the country of is named (Piu²-ka-liu_??_¹), too, in the Ling-wai-tai-ta and Piu-ka-liu_??_ is written the name of a harbor by way of (Ja_??_gala) at East Java in the (Tao-i-tsa-chik), so Piu-ka-liu_??_ is not a name of country but that of the harbor of Pakalongan in 1817 A. D. at the northern Central Java, 5) that the following word formation and sound changes are conceivable:
luwa_??_>lo_??_→pakalo_??_an
luwa_??_>lwa_??_→kaluwa_??_>kalwa_??_→pakalwa_??_an>pakalo_??_an}>pakalo_??_an
and (xa¹-lia_??_¹) can be interpreted as abbreviation of pakalwa_??_an and identified with kalwa_??_/kalo_??_ in Old Javanese, 6) that Såjåmetå and Tuk Mas inscriptions (undated) are found in northern Central Java; the former is found at the village near Batang which is located at the east of Pekalongan in the present, and these inscriptions are written in one of the variety of Brahmi script which is, however, different from usual script in appearing of new types of letters in cerebral NA/N-and liquid RA/R as shown on the inscriptions of Kedukan Bukit, Talang Tuwå in Sumatra and Hampran, Dinåyå in Java, and 7) that on the inscriptions of Kota Kapur at Bangka and Sañjaya in Java, archaic forms for liquid RA/R- and medial U (suku in Javanese) had been used reguarly, and if it is correct to identify Såjåmertå inscription at the time befor 639 A. D. (of. Nakada, 1973), the family of Selendra inscribed on it had ruled the northern Kedu; also that the amily of Sañjaya settled at the southern Kedu or Prambanan, either from another part of Java or from another land, in 732 A. D. at the latest.

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For the purpose of obtaining high-strength copper alloys having high corrosion resistance, the aging characteristics and the spring property of Cu-30%Ni containing 0.47 wt%Be and 0.6∼3.0 wt%Al have mainly been investigated by means of the hardness test, X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy (replica method), and the spring test.
The results obtained were as follows:
(1) These alloys showed a maximum hardness value at 500°∼600°C when aged at 300°∼800°C for 1 hr after water quenching from 1050°C, and maximum value in hardness at 600°C increases with the amount of added aluminum.
(2) It is concluded that age hardening occurred by heating at 600°C after water quenching from 1050°C is due to the precipitation of NiBe (β) and Ni₃Al, and that the hardening at an earlier stage of aging is contributed by the precipitation of non-equilibrium phase (β′) but the hardening at later stage is due to the precipitation of Ni₃Al.
(3) Moreover, it seems that added aluminum suppresses the grain-boundary reaction developed by the precipitation of NiBe and consequently restrains the over-aging of these alloys.
(4) The alloy containing about 2.4%Al showed an excellent spring property having a maximum value of about 125 kg/mm² in Kb, when it was cold rolled by 50% after water quenched from 1050°C and aged at 400°∼500°C for 1 hr.

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本研究は, 韓国の特徴的な庭園様式の一つである, 別壁に関する研究の為「三国史記, 新増東国與地勝覧, 邑誌」等の, 古文献に記述された別墅を土台に, 造営者等の思想的背景, 社会的地位, 経営時代, 敷地選定上の特徴と, 作庭された施設物, 造営者等の, 形態特徴等を分析した。

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In Japan, until the administrative villages were formed in 1889, the Meiji Goverument had been reorga-nizing the new adrninistrative areas repeatedly through trial and error for about twenty years. Therefore, many case studies have been done on how the modern administrative areas were forrned and on the rela-tions between the feudal administrative areas and the modern ones. This paper aims to understand the formation and its factors of every administrative area and to make clear the ralations between these areas and rural communities (Mura) in the Meiji era of Bizen province (Kuni). Bizen province is located in the southern part of the present Okayama Prefecture. The coastal region in Seto Inland Sea was economicaily very active and densely populated, whereas the mountainous region was economically poor and rarely populated. The author analyzed how the administrative areas within Bizen province in the Edo era such as the "Go", which had been a local administrative unit comprised of several viuages, and squire area (Ohjaya-ku) had effects on the formation of administrative areas like ward-subward (Daiku-Shoku) in 1872, union of vil-lage offices (Rengo-kucho-yakuba) area in 1884 and administrative village in 1889. As a result, the author found some spatial type classifications such as mountain, plain, peninsula and newly reclaimed land (Shinden) areas, so that he detailed each area with some examples; especially he re-seached the spatial relationship between rural communities and these administrative areas. Through such analysis, the following four types have been recognized due to the spatial difierences of natural and socio-historical conditions. 1) Mountainous type In Tsudaka, Akasaka and lwanashi counties (Gun), the social associations arnong the feudal villages (Hansei-son) were closely interlinked to some extent owing to the remaining functions of the "Go" and the restriction by the valley. Therefore, the adrninistrative areas of these regions have not altered so much in spite of the Central Government's reorganization policy in the Meiji era. 2) Plain type There were no natural barrieres in Mino, Jodo and Oku counties (Gun) in Okayama plain. The "Go" had akeady lost its functions in the late Edo era. The connections among former feudal viffage were not closely interlinked and the new admiunistrative areas were repeatedly altered in pararel with the radical changes of local governrnent system. 3) Peninsula type In Kojima county (Gun), forrner feudal vmages included in every administrative area were the smallest in number because of the larger settlement. The "Go" which had aiready lost its functions did not exert an influence on delinuting the administrative areas in the early Meiji era. 4) Newly reclaimed land (Shinden) type In the new]y reclaimed land in the Bay of Kojima, the connections among the feudal viuages were so closely interlinked that the administrative areas have not reorganized at all during the early Meiji era be-cause it was reclaimed at the same time though the "Go" had not been formed. In delimiting the administrative villages in 1889, the irrigation area played more important role than the area of a tutelary deity (Ujiko-ken). After the formation of the administrative villages, the Central Govern-ment tried to strengthen the intra-village connection by coordinating the school district to the newly reorga-nized administrative areas and by unifying au tutelary deities in an administrative village. But there remained the community functions, so that inhabitants were unwilling to accept the Government's policy in the urrification of the tutelary deities.

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