The morphological change of the alveoli of the lung unber abnormal pressure was studied histipathologically from the view point of pneumatization. As experimental animal young and matured rabitts were used, and the experiments were carried out in the tank of 4 atmospheric pressure and 460mmHg pressure 2 hours daily from 4 hours to 3 months.
The histological observation revealed the small alveoli with the thickend wall and the antrum-like enlarged alveoli of vaious sizes irregulary scattered in the atelectatic area, side by side with emphysematous area.
These findings might be interpreted as reduction of pneumatization of the lung and they can be found in the high atomospheric pressure as well as in the low pressure.

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Author used 30 kids in an experimental study to observe the re-pneumatisation of the frontal sinus after the operation and to observe relation- ship between the sinus and the ductus nasofron- talis during development. The kid's frontal sinus was most suitable for the experimental study of regeneration, because each kid's frontal sinus had difference in its growth degree or pneumatisation.
As the experimental method, author observed the difference of the re-pneumatisation phenome- non of the frontal sinus occurred in the degree of removal of .the facial wall and in the existence of clossure of the ductus nasofrontalis, and the relativity between the components of the sinus and its ductus nasofrontalis.
The following results were obtained.
1) Between the differece of pneumatisation of the frontal sinus and ductus nasofrontalis, the relativity was that the ductus nasofrontalis, was small in bad pneumatisation cases and the ductus nasofrontal is was large in good pneumatisation cases of its frontal sinus.
2) Granulation-increase was stronger from the eary time in the wide removed group than in the preserved group of the facial wall.
And the frontal sinus was obliterated comple- tely within 6 months in the fromer, on the other hand, in the latter the frontal sinus was not obli- terated, although the reduction of its sinus was noticed. In these cases, obliteration or reduction of the sinus was more speedy in the cases of bad pneumatisation of the frontal sinus befor operative procedure.
3) In the sides found of closurer of the duc- tus nasofrontalis, granulation-increase was stronger and obliteration or reduction of sinus was more speedy than the sides remaining the ductus fron- talis.
4) Re-pneumatisation began after 6 months in the wide removed group and after 5 months in the preserved group of the facial wall.
In these cases, the time of re-pneumatisation of the sinus was earier in the good pneumatisation before the operation.
5) Re-pneumatisation of the sinus was seen in the side remaining the ductus nasofrontalis, on the other hand, in the side noticed of closure of the ductus re-pneumatisation was not found.
6) By keeping a condition of artificial control- led pneumatisations-suppression, the ductus naso- frontalis became large and in addition, the hyper- function of the mucous membrane of the ductus was showed microscopically, in agreement with definite days or months after the operation.
This fact agreed with the theory in the deve- lopmental process between the ductus and sinus which were found in common pneumatic organ.

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Sinobronchial syndrome (SBS) frequently associated with developmental deficiency of frontal sinuses. We evaluated,36 SBS patients and 178 controls who underwent simple 3way parasinus roentgen examination. Developmental deficiency of frontal sinuses was seen in 72.2% of the SBS patients, and 25.0% in the control group. Now SBS is believed to be caused by some dysfunction of the ciliary transport system in the respiratory tract. The dysfunction of the ciliary trasport system may be independent of the developmental deficiency of frontal sinuses.

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1歳11ヵ月のBCG未接種の女児. 麻疹罹患時に呼吸困難出現し, 胸部X線, 胸部CTで右上肺野に water density の腫瘤陰影が認められ, 気管支性嚢胞と診断し手術を施行した. 腫瘤は右上葉ほぼ全体を占めており, 摘出は困難と判断し, 右上葉切除を施行した. 切除肺の病理組織学所見でラングハンス型巨細胞, 類上皮細胞, リンパ球からなる乾酪性肉芽腫がみられた. 組織の抗酸菌染色, 嚢胞内容液の塗抹培養では菌は検出されなかったが, ツ反が強陽性であったため, 結核の二次感染と診断し抗結核療法を開始した. 感染源は不明であった. なお, 嚢胞内容液の分析でCEA 3,010ng/ml, AFP 25ng/mlと高値を示した.

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The Kartagener's syndrcme is cne of the rare congenital diseases. It has three symptoms; chrcnic sinusitis, bronchiectasis and situs inversus. Four cases of this syndrome were firstly reported by Kartagener in 1933. Since then, many cases have been reported clinically but electrcn micrcsccpic study has nct reperted in Japan. Recently we had a case of this syndrome of 43-year-old female. We took biopsy specimens from the mucous membrane of nose, trachea and left main bronchus. These specimens were studied by electron micrcscopy, and several findings were obtained. 1) In the epithelial cells of paranasal cavity, no cilia but many fine microvilli were observed. The secretory mucus filled the lumen surrounded by the epithelial cell lines. 2) In the trachea, on the other hand, cilia was rarely seen and most of them showed defect of dynein arms and discrder of nuicrotubule arrangement and orientation in cross section view. 3) While in the bronchus, the same findings as paranasal cavity was observed. The absence of cilia in the paranasal sinus and left bronchus may cause loss of protective function of the respiratory truct, and may result the storage of mucus in the lumen, which will lead to brcnchiectasis and sinusitis. The abnormality of cilia, the defect of dynein arm of microtubular doublets and disorder of orientation and arrangement of them may cause the immotile cilia syndrome and sterility in male. Further, it may have a relation to the symptom of situs inversus.

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A water fine particle suspension with a uniform initial temperature and concentration in a rectangular cell is heated from a horizontal bottom, and temperatures at both vertical sides of the cell are kept at the initial temperature. This transient natural convection is experimentally studied. During the fall of particles, the suspension forms layers. Concentration of particles, average diameter, temperature for each layer and variation of heat transfer coefficient on the heated bottom wall with time are measured. The mechanisms of formation and vanishing of the layers are clarified.

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A pneumatic cell system is consisted of two different processes of pneumatization; antrum- and cell-formation. Since a cell-formation in the lung is likely to play a main role, antrum can not be seen in the lung, but in the maxillary sinus only a antrum-formation is demonstrated. According to Goto's opinion, a antrum-formation is a primitive process and a cell-formation is, on the contrary, a highly progressed process of the pneumatisation mechanism.
Cystic disease of the lung might occur under limitted development of alveolar septa. This phenomenon has been seen frequently in the mastoid cell system, but rarely in the lung, and is of interest to clinicians. It is incorrect to call it cyst or cystic disease, and for this reason authors advocated the name “ANTRUM DUE TO UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF THE LUNG”. A true cyst would occur very rarely in a pneumatic cavity, where a cell-formation is prominent, as mastoid cell or lung, while in antrum of the paranasal sinus it occurs more frequently.
The condition which causes bronchiectasis most of the cases, whether it was aquired or congenital, seems to be atelectasis of the lung. Apneumatic condition of the lung result an obstruction of the terminal end of bronchus and consequently it changes the terminal bronchus, pneumatic cannal, into a pneumatic cavity, which is characterized by the gradual development of its size.
For this reason, when the end of the terminal bronchus is obstructed, it grows gradually until it forms various shapes, even if the obstruction is caused by an inflammation of the area and not by atelectasis.
In twenty cases of bronchiectasis mastoid cells and paranasal sinuses have been studied rentgenologically and an underdeveloped pneumatization in the head bone pneumatic cavities were found in cases in which bronchiectasis is spread to all area of one or both lungs and not localized in one lobe. From this result authors concluded that bronchiectasis of these cases might be caused by limitted pneumatization of alveoles as a manifesta tion of a general constitution.

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More than several hundred cases of Kartagener's syndrome (situs inversus, bronchiectasis and sinusitis) have been reported since Kartagener's original report. Although congenital genetical factors were emphasized in the development of the disease, no clear explanation on its pathogenesis has been made.
We were able to examine two siblings with this triad. Their parents were half-cousins and some family members suffer from sinusitis or chronic obstructive lung disease. Genetic and biochemical studies were performed on the patients, their parents and seven other relatives.
HLA typing, chromosomal analysis, measurement of activities of red blood cell enzymes and serum protein levels including immunoglobulins, determination of the phenotypes of red blood cell enzymes and serum proteins by electrophoresis were performed.
Serum IgA levels were within normal limits and phenotyping of α₁-antitrypsin showed M₁M₁ in all eleven subjects studied. Analysis of sweat electrolytes of the patients were abnormal and revealed marked elevation of both sodium and chloride. We must rule out complication of cystic fibrosis in our cases, and both of them had no evidence of pancreatic disorders.
However there are many cases of cystic fibrosis showing no pancreatic insufficiency, and on the other hand, chronic sinusitis and nasal polyps are ofter seen in patient with cystic fibrosis. In addition, several cases were reported suffering from both Kartagener's syndrome and cystic fibrosis.
Our results suggest the possibility that the pathogenesis of both diseases may involve a common mechanism.

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Previous study on the pneumatic room of the temporal bone brought the hypothetical conclusion that relativity between the components of the duct and sinus were so close that more the duct was reduced the larger was the sinus growth. It is the purpose of this study to try to confirm the hypothesis in the case of the middle ear.
Mastoid of the 22 pigs were eliminated for the purpose of Keeping a condition of experimentally controlled pneumatisations-suppression. The changes in the developmental process of the eustachian tube were observed and measured microscopically. The following results were obtained.
1) The cross section of the eustachian tube in the side of eliminated mastoid became larger dur ing one and half mouth after operation, and the mucous epithelium and subepithelial connective tissue were also hypertrophic to motivate the functioning.
2) Diameter of the eustachian tube and the air quantity in the mastoid cells was keptin inverse.
3) Regeneration of bone begins 3 weeks after the increase of mastoid-regeneration. During the process the upper mucous epithelium was regenerated. These regenerations were recognized as a similar process as in the physiological growth of human body.

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