Generally, when we study the process the process of growth of the tourist Rosort in Japan, we can find three stages in that growth and they could be comparable to Metamorphism which is the biological term. The first stage of that Metamorphism is around 1800 when many “Meishozue” were published and the “Meisho” (famous sigh-seeing points) were established. The second stage is the development of tourist industries and the further development of modern tourist resorts around 1910. The third stage is around 1990, and the time of the “New Resort”, being developed at many places in conjunction with the popularization of leisure.

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German medicine had overwhelming influence by its theoretical study on the medical circles of Japan from the 10th year of Meiji (1877). It was adopted by the Daigaku-tokoO, the predecessor of the medical department of the Tokyo Imperial University, in 1869, when British medicine, whose supeority in practical medicine was shown by William Willis, was being forgotten in the medical circles, and doctors and students were showing a marked trend toward medical research for research's sake.
Kanehiro Takagi, who learned British medicine as a Japanese naval surgeon at the attached medical school of St. Thomas's Hospital in London, insisted on having to change such a trend and make more account of medical treatment in order to deliver patients from their illness. He supposed beriberi, which in those days was thought to be caused by germs, would be caused by lack of some nutriments. He buckled himself down to the work of improving meals of the naval men and at last succeeded in protecting them against beriberi. And since 1884 an outbreak of beriberi had never been seen among the Japanese navy.
This paper treats from the viewpoint of the English studies in Japan how much British medicine influenced upon Kanehiro Takagi, one of the naval surgeons in the Meiji era, and also how much British pragmatism infiltrated into the Japanese navy. After all Takagi owed a great deal to British medicine based on pragmatism and it can be said that his success in stamping out beriberi among the Japanese navy was a victory of British medicine.

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This paper attempts to explore, in historical perspectives, significant roles that a national capital plays, examining what effects the relocation of national capitals rendered to the national strengths and vicissitudes in the Three Kingdon Period, when Shilla, Kokuryo and Paekjae coexisted side by side, but each state attempted contantly to gain supremacy over others.
Korea is one of the nation whose present national capital are burdened with problems of over-population, traffic congestion, environmental contamination, etc. Therefore, Several proposals have been advanced, as a means of solving such problems, that is, the relocation of the capital or at least the diffusion of its corpulent functions to other administrative centers. It may be meaningful to review such proposals with respect to the past historical facts in the Three Kingdom Era.
Three noted scholars in Yi-dynasty had, already expressed their views on the problems related to the relocation of a national capital, i.e., Lee Chung-Whan (1690-1751), Chung Sang-Hu (1678-1752), and Chung Yak-Yong (1760-1801). All of them belonged to the Shilhak (Practical Learning) School of the days, who rejected to adhere heavily to ideological theories and instead adopted and adored more practical learning.
Lee Chung-Whan discarded the traditional theories based on geomancy and helped to contribute to the establishment of a systematic theory based on more practical and scientific methods of geography; He expounded his methods of field survey, enumerating a number of conditions that must be taken into consideration when a new capital site is selected. His ideas were persuasive and also were instrumental to give a larger number of people a clearer idea on an optimal geographical site of a national capital. Chung Sang-Hu stressed his views based mainly on the strategies of defensibility of a new capital. Chung Yak-Yong, on the other hand, explored historical precedents and explounded the posibility of a nation's decline and eventual fall after the relocation of national capitals, due to financial over-burdens imposed by the construction of the capital, large in scale and short in time.
Among the three kingdoms, Paekjae was culturally the most advanced, and Kokuryo enjoyed its sovereinty over the largest territory, but Shilla was the smallest state situated in the southeastern portion of the Korean Peninsula.
A nation's fall and decline may be attributable to various causes, one of which may stem from the relocation of its national capital. In this respect, it is interesting to note that Paekjae and Kokuryo moved southwards their capitals five times, respectively.
Kokuryo's consecutive southward movement of its capital were carried out in order to maintain a farthest geographical distance between its capital and its border with northern enemies, mainly for security reasons, while Paekjae practiced the same measure based mainly on geomancy.
The relocation of nation's capital can incur some negative side effects, i.e., it is must sometimes be carried out at the excessive expense of both national and civilian resources and wealth for the construction of the new capital, and also can bring about psychological weakening of national determination and will for its defence.
Thus, we may conclude that the relocation of the national capitals in the Three Kingdom Period in Korea--those of Paekjae and Kokuryo--had negative effects to the extent that these two states were obliged to succumb to their national falls. However, Shilla, without undertaking an expensive enterprise of moving its capital, remained in its original capital site, Kyungju, and eventually won the territories of the neighboring two kingdoms, establishing 9 administrative districts and 5 local capitals in the newly acquired areas; these districts and capitals were functional as local centers of politics, economy and administration.

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Because few gardens built during the He ian period remain today, our knowledge of the details of the gardens of those days is very poor. It is well accepted that we can use old tales as materials for h istorical study, because these tales sometimes reflect not only the life style of the period, but also historical facts.
There are many descriptions of gardens in The Tale of Utsuho, one of the oldest novels in Japan, said to have been written at the end of 10th century. This study is an attempt to clarify the characteristics of garden design at that time, through an analysis of this tale. Only three main gardens are discussed in this essay, although about fifteen gardens were described in the tale.
1) The hero of the tale lived with his mother in the hollow of four big trees, “Utsuho”, during his childhood. Although it was located in the heart of the northern mountains, far from Kyoto, there was a large open area with some mounds, a spring and a rill, arranged like a house garden, in front of the hollowed trees (Fig. 1).
Therefore, it can be assumed the artificial hills, springs and ‘Yarimizu’ (a rill led into a garden) were already included in the extensive gardens of the noblemen of that period.
2) “Kyogoku-Residence” in Kyoto belonged to the hero's grandfather. Eventually the hero reconstructed this residence to enjoy the four seasons, quietly, and to teach his daughter to play the Koto.
The Shinden mansions and the garden-buildings such as the ‘Ro’ (End-pavilion), ‘Tsuri-dono’ (Shorepavilion), ‘Sori-hashi’ (arched bridge) and ‘Mido’ (Shrine) had both Japanese and Chinese characteristics (Fig. 3, Fig. 4).
The existence of both Chinese and Japanese styles in the garden implies that the middle of the Heian period (the 10th century) was probably a transitional stage in the development of the Shinden style garden.
It is worthy to note that the word ‘Izumi-dono’ (Spring-pavilion) is used in this tale, although Dr. Mori writes that this word was used for the first time in an old document in 1083.
3) “Fukiage-Palace” was constructed near the Fukiage shore, which is now considered to be situated in Wakayama city (Fig. 5).
The ‘Garden of Four Seasons’ was one of the important garden types which occurred in the Heian period. This is thought to have been developed under the influence of the Theory of Onyo-Gogyo or the natural surroundings of Kyoto. In the Garden of Four Seasons at the Fukiage-Palace, Spring Hill, Summer Shade, Autumn Grove and Pine Forest areas were located in the east, south, west and north sections of the garden, respectively.
Dr. Yoshinaga writes that the Jodo garden was created in the late Heian period by some priests in order to strengthen their aspirations to faith. However, the auther of this tale described the Garden of the Fukiage-Palace as the Paradise in the West. This implies that the noblemen in the late 10th century, supported by their religious longing, attempted to make their gardens after the Paradise in the West. Accordingly, the Gardens of the Fukiage-Palace can be considered as a prototype of Jodo style garden.

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This paper discusses the management and maintenance of an urban center in early medieval Japan (twelfth and thirteenth centuries), with particular reference to the drainage system in Kamakura, the political center of Japan between 1180 and 1333. As population of Kamakura grew in the thirteenth century, residents had to spread into alluvial lowland, which later became an important area for the shogunate. In the process, a well-planned drainage system was adopted, which is evident at numerous archaeological sites in present-day Kamakura City. Nonetheless, the Azumakagami, a chronicle of the Kamakura shogunate, records that many floods hit Kamakura. It has become apparent archaeologically that well-constructed drainage ditches filled up with garbage, pottery sherds, and animal bones. Historically, the Kamakura shogunate issued a decree in 1261 prohibiting the discarding of "sick people, orphans, dead bodies, as well as the carcasses of oxen, cows, and horses on and along the streets." All these indicate that the drainage system in Kamakura was not well maintained and managed by the shogunate, and it may be supposed that this poor maintenance contributed to the floods that destroyed houses and districts, as recorded in the Azumakagami. One reason why the government did not prevent people from discarding garbage in the drainage ditches may be the belief shared by the shogunate and residents of Kamakura in the power of water to wash away impurities.

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This paper aims to clarify the change of the city's organization through the city's formation of the feudalistic castle and castle town. In 1645 Asano Naganao became the ruler of Ako Clan, and he repaired the castle and castle town. This paper clarifies the method and process of the repair of the castle and the castle town's content after the repair. As a result, Ako castle and castle town was renovated in accord with the social position of Daimyo, the site for Samurai town. civilian town and temple town. The renovation continued longer than the registered period. After the renovation. the house's distinction of Samurai according to the social position became not clear by expanding its area. In general, Samurai's social position is reflected in the area of the house, but it is not strict for middle and low class in the era of Ikeda and Asano.

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In the 17th century of Japan, the inter-city freight transport system using coastal ship was already developed for supplying commodities to the capital city of Edo (Old Tokyo). This study tries to clarify the necessity and procedure for coastal ship route development from the viewpoint of the logistics system. It also tires to confirm that coastal ship route development was introduced not only for creating traffic route but also for establishing the trading system. Thus, inter-city transport was popularized in Japan after the development of the coastal ship route. As a result of this development, the commercial trade area expanded and the institution of feudal (Busi-dominated) society started to change.

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