Exocytotic secretion entails the cycles of fusion and removal of secretory granule membranes at the cell surface (exocytosis-removal cycle), occurring at proper sites and proper timing. Attempts were made to visualize these processes directly in living rat parotid acinar cells, by flooding the exocytosed granule space with fluid-phase fluorescent tracers (Lucifer yellow or FITC-dextrans) and by imaging its changes with confocal microscopy. With a delay of 10～15 seconds after addition of isoproterenol to stimulate secretion, exocytotic profiles, as indicated by the fluorescent spots, appeared along the luminal border abruptly in a granule-shape. Such profiles maintained their round shape for periods ranging from a few seconds to several tens of seconds, then gradually diminished and disappeared within a total time range of between 40 and 70 seconds. These images probably represent the spatio-temporal events involved in the exocytosis-removal cycle of single secretory granules, including stimulus-secretion coupling and exocytosis-endocytosis coupling, as indicated previously by biochemical and electrophysiological studies.

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Background and Aim: Disasters occur daily around the world. As the largest body of health professionals, nurses are looked upon during a disaster for leadership, clinical assistance, and support. Nurses are at the forefront of managing disasters in their communities, yet their complex role as advanced nurse practitioners, clinicians, managers, and leaders is not always fully understood. The aim of this paper is to explore what advanced nursing practice (ANP) takes place during a disaster.

Methods: This scoping review was guided by the framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. The review searched five relevant databases. A scoping review design was chosen as the authors expected that evidence in the field would be produced using a wide variety of methodologies.

Results: Nurses work long hours during a disaster, with hospitals and nurses becoming the centre of events and the ‘go to’ place during a disaster. During disasters, nurses often have little sleep and frequently put others’ needs before their own. The nurses in these studies worked while they were worried for themselves and their families. Nurses reported feeling capable and reported that all their experience and skills came to the fore during these challenging situations.

Conclusions: During disasters, nurses were flexible and adaptable, with many taking on different roles. Nurses are quick to find solutions; problem solving is key and responding to disasters is ‘just what you do’. Nurses demonstrated fundamental expertise and they had the agility to pivot when the occasion demands. It is evident that nurses work beyond conventional limits during a disaster.

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前十字靭帯（以下 ACL: Anterior cruciate ligament）再建術は，より解剖学的な再建を目指して多くの研究が行われている．再建においては Mid-substance insertion（以下 MI）が機能的に重要であるとされ，我々は先行研究で MI が楕円に類似していることを数学的に実証し，MIの 2 焦点に骨孔を作製することが解剖学的と考えた．しかし，近年 Fan-like extension fibers（以下 FE）も安定性の多くに寄与していることが報告され，FE も再建することでより解剖学的再建になることが考えられる．今回我々は屍体膝を用いて，FE，Antero-medial bundle（以下AM） と Postero-lateral bundle（以下 PL），AM と PL それぞれの MI，FE（以下 AMm，AMf，PLm，PLf）の形状が楕円もしくは円であるかについて検証し，大腿骨側骨孔をどこにどのような形状で作成するべきかを検討することで機能的な再建を目指すことを目的とした．結果は AM，PL および AMm，AMf，PLm，PLf は楕円に類似していた．このことから FE を同時に再建する方法としては AM と PL の楕円 2 焦点に骨孔を作製し，四重束で再建する方法が現在施行可能な術式として最も解剖学的と考えられた．

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Changes in the world's climate may alter the state of forests across broad areas, through changes in tree species composition, tree productivity rates, and natural disturbance regimes. These potential changes may also have a cascading effect on associated environmental services, such water yield, wildlife habitat composition, and biodiversity. The location, extent, and magnitude of potential changes to the climate will vary according to current regional climatic conditions. For example, RAVINDRANATH et al. (2006) suggest that some areas of India will become wetter and warmer under one 100-year climate change scenario. This paper examines the issues facing forest planners in an era of climate change, and illustrates the challenges and opportunities for assessing climate change scenarios in forest planning efforts. For example, accounting for tree species physiology in forest planning would allow analysts to recognize that some tree species may be less able to adapt to changing conditions. And, adding socio-economic change projections (development and recreational opportunities) to the analysis of policies will further help one understand the potential impact of climate on biodiversity. These and other additional aspects of quantitative forest planning will enable land managers and decision-makers to think through the vulnerability of forests to changes in temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. In addition, forest plans may need to consider actions that will reduce forest fragmentation, conserve biologically important resources, and reduce the vulnerability of forests to the risks presented along with an assessment of traditional forestry concerns (sustainability of timber production, sustainability of multiple uses, and sustainability of ecosystems). Thus there seems to be a need to assess broad-scale forest management scenarios that minimize adverse impacts and vulnerability to the uncertainties associated with insect, disease, drought, windthrow, and wildfire. This type of planning process would need to account for changes in climatic variables and associated changes in disturbance regimes, and recognize that some forests may be more vulnerable during the adjustment period.

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