A novel series of milbemycin antibiotics were isolated from the fermentation broth of a Streptomyces species designated E225. The structures of the four main metabolites VM 44857 (1), VM 44864 (2), VM 44865 (3) and VM 44866 (4) were determined by NMR techniques. In addition we describe the solution conformations of the major metabolite VM 44857 (1).

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聴性脳幹反応 () および行動観察による乳幼児聴力検査を, 各月齢, 年齢の乳幼児90名と成人10名を対象として行なった. は波形とその各waveの潜時の変化, 域値を調べた. 行動観察による聴力検査は, 生後1～3ヵ月は行動反応聴力検査 (BOA), 4ヵ月-2才では条件詮索反射聴力検査 (COR), 3～4才では遊戯聴力検査 (Play audiometry), 5才ならびに成人では標準純音聴力検査を行なった. 結果は次の通りである.
1. の波形は, 乳児期では各波の分化が十分ではないが, 発達とともに変化し, 約2才で成人の波形に近づく.
2. の各波の頂点潜時は, 乳幼児期では成人に比べ, どの波も延長しているが, 反応潜時の遅いwaveほど, 潜時の延長は著明であるが, 発達とともに短縮し, waveVは約2才で成人に近づく.wave Iは, 他のwaveに比し潜時の延長の程度が最も少ない.
3. の域値はwaveVを指標として判定し, 生後1ヵ月では45dBと高いが発達とともに低下し, 1才で20dB, 4才で10dB, 成人で5dBと減少した.
4. 行動観察による聴力検査の域値は, 生後1ヵ月で90dB, 6ヵ月で46dB, 12ヵ月で35dB, 2才で20dB, 4才以上で0dBと発達とともに低下した.
5. と行動観察による聴力検査の域値が近似したのは1.5～2才である. この年齢以下では, の方が常に域値が低く, かつ月齢が小さいほどとCOR, BOAの域値差が大きい. また, この年齢より上では, の域値の方が高い傾向にあった.

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Burkholderia glumae causes bacterial seedling rot (

) and bacterial grain rot (BGR) in rice (Oryza sativa), both of which are important diseases in Japan. We previously evaluated major Japanese cultivars for BGR resistance and selected standard cultivars for resistance assessments. Here, we assessed the occurrence rate in cultivars from the World Rice Collection (WRC) and other sources and found wide variation in resistance. Next, we evaluated major Japanese cultivars for resistance and found that two Japanese landraces, ‘Kujuu’ and ‘Aikoku’, showed “strong” resistance; most others were categorized as “medium” or “medium to weak”. We previously developed a near-isogenic line (RBG1-NIL) by introducing the genomic region containing RBG1, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for resistance, from ‘Nona Bokra’ (indica) into ‘Koshihikari’ (temperate japonica). The resistance level of RBG1-NIL was “strong”, indicating the effectiveness of RBG1 against . The correlation between and BGR resistance scores was low, indicating that it is necessary to introduce QTLs for resistance from different sources to develop cultivars resistant to both and BGR. On the basis of the screening results, we selected standard cultivars for resistance to cover a range of resistance levels.

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The theoretical basis of some deep brain stimulation (DBS) trials undertaken in the early years was the phenomenon of “brain stimulation reward (),” which was first identified in rats. The animals appeared to be rewarded by pleasure caused by the stimulation of certain brain regions (reward system), such as the septal area. “Self-stimulation” experiments, in which rats were allowed to stimulate their own brain by pressing a freely accessible lever, they quickly learned lever pressing and sometimes continued to stimulate until they exhausted themselves. was also observed with DBS of the septal area in humans. DBS trials in later years were undertaken on other theoretical bases, but unexpected was sometimes induced by stimulation of some areas, such as the locus coeruleus complex. When was induced, the subjects experienced feelings that were described as “cheerful,” “alert,” “good,” “well-being,” “comfort,” “relaxation,” “joy,” or “satisfaction.” Since the DBS procedure is equivalent to a “self-stimulation” experiment, they could become “addicted to the stimulation itself” or “compulsive about the stimulation,” and stimulate themselves “for the entire day,” “at maximum amplitude” and, in some instances, “into convulsions.” DBS of the reward system has recently been applied to alleviate anhedonia in patients with refractory major depression. Although this approach appears promising, there remains a difficult problem: who can adjust their feelings and reward-oriented behavior within the normal range? With a self-stimulation procedure, the may become uncontrollable. To develop DBS to the level of a standard therapy for mental disorders, we need to discuss “Who has the right to control the mental condition?” and “Who makes decisions” on “How much control is appropriate?” in daily life.

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Twenty three children between 4 months and 5 years of age suspected of hearing impairment were tested by brainstem response () and electroencephalic response audiometry (ERA). We used the chicks as auditory stimuli in and used the tone bursts from 250Hz to 4000Hz in ERA. The response was recognized in 16 cases by ERA and in 11 cases by .
The lowest response threshold was at 0dB HL in and at around 60dB in ERA. Nevertheless more frequent response were obtained in ERA than in . The reason of this was thought that the residual hearing at low frequencies would not be recognized by but by ERA. Tone bursts of 250Hz and 500Hz which were used in ERA were useful for testing the residual hearing.
The clicks used for were also utilized as auditory stimuli in ERA, and the lower response threshold were obtained as same as in . But the response by chicks in ERA did not show hearing sensitivity at low frequencies.

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audiometry was applied to 63 ears with hearing losses and 28 normal ears. The auditory stimulus to elicit the was one cycle of a 3kHz sinusoidal wave. Click intensities were calibrated relatedly to the subjective click threshold of normal adults listeners (0dBHL).
(1) The averaged -threshold of the normal hearing group was 13.7dBHL.
(2) -thresholds in cases with flat hearing losses were close to the averaged pure tone thresholds (averaged from 250Hz to 8kHz).
(3) -thresholds in cases of high tone losses had a close correlation with pure tone thresholds at 2kHz.
(4) -threshold could predict the pure tone threshold at 2kHz (with the exception of abrupt high tone losses above 2kHz).
(5) In cases of abrupt high tone losses -thresholds were considerably higher than the subjective sound thresholds to the clicks.

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audiometry was administered to 20 normal and 44 hearing impaired subjects. The hearing impaired group consisted of 15 subjects with flat loss, 17 high tone loss and 12 low tone loss. One-and-a-half cycles of a 500Hz sinusoidal wave (500Hz click) and one cycle of a 3kHz sinusoidal wave (3kHz click) were used as stimuli. Intensities of these stimuli were calibrated by the averaged subjective threshold from 20 normal hearing ears. (dBHL)
In normal subjects, the averaged threshold of the evoked by a 500Hz click was 13.1dBHL and by a 3kHz click, 4.2dBHL.
frequency specificity was determined by measuring the (to 500Hz and 3kHz clicks) in hearing impaired subjects. The 500Hz click evoked a in subjects whose pure tone audiograms were impaired above 500Hz. Also, in cases of low tone hearing loss, the was evoked at the best-hearing frequency above 500Hz. The 3kHz click evoked a in subjects with hearing impairment above 1kHz.
These results indicate that the provide information regarding hearing ability as low frequency as 500Hz.

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Effects of pathologies in the internal auditory meatus on the auditory-evoked brain stem response () were assessed in two patients with tumors. In a patient with the facial neurimona, wave I of the was recorded, alone. In a patient with acoustic neurinoma, the intervals between wave I latency and wave V latency were markedly delayed compared to those of the normal.
In order to clarify the interpretation of the results, the effects of middle and inner ear pathologies on the were assessed in four patients with conductive and sensory hearing losses. In these patients the disappearance of the waveform of the was not observed and the intervals between wave I latency and wave V latency fell within the normal range.
The data were interpreted as showing that the disappearance of certain components, especially those following wave II, as well as an increase in the difference between wave I and wave V latencies can be used as indices of pathology of the internal auditory meatus.

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In order to study the usefullness of for objective audiometry, patients with hearing impairments of various types of audiograms were tested by clicks, and subjective hearing threshold and response threshold of was obtained.
The results were as follows.
1) It is difficult to presume the hearing level or type of audiogram of moderate hearing impairments by the subjective hearing threshold to clicks.
2) The subjective threshold to clicks coincided with objective threshold of by clicks except high tone hearing loss, because the response of showed the acuity of hearing over 2kHz, but subjective threshold to clicks related to all frequencies.
3) The normal response of only meaned the normal acuity of hearing in one part of frequencies above 2kHz. It is thus difficult to presume the hearing level or audiogram of hearing impairments by only , and it is necessary to determine the audiological assessement by ERA and others.

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Brown stem rot () caused by Cadophora gregata f. sp. adzukicola (syn. Phialophora gregata) is a serious soilborne disease of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) in Japan. Cultivation of resistant cultivars is the most effective disease control method, therefore the selection of resistant lines is a priority for breeders. -resistant adzuki bean lines have been screened in pathogen-infected fields. However, field selection using the pathogen and artificial inoculation methods is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In the present study, we used 105 F₃ lines derived from a cross between a -resistant cultivar ‘Syumari’ and a susceptible cultivar ‘Buchishoryukei-1’ for inoculation tests. Amplified fragment-length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses with 1024 primer sets revealed that six fragments were polymorphic between resistance and susceptible bulked groups. Five DNA markers (Pg77, Pg118, Pg138, Pg139 and Pg126) were developed from the nucleotide sequences of polymorphic AFLP markers and their flanking regions. Pg118, which was derived from E-ACT/M-ACT-118, was tightly linked to the resistance gene Pga1 and was converted into a codominant marker for its easier use in marker-assisted selection for adzuki bean resistance. Finally, the applicability of the developed markers for resistance was tested on 32 adzuki bean accessions or cultivars.

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Auditory brain stem responses () were studied in five cases including 2 acoustic neurinomas, degenerative type of myoclonus epilepsy, pontine glioma and the 4-th ventricle tumor.
They showed typical suspecting of brain stem lesions, and the patterns were compared with those of animal experiments for discussion of the topographical differential diagnosis. In two patients with acoustic neurinoma, nothing but wave I was recognized at the pathologic side, and normal was recorded at the healthy side. The was similar to that of a cat destructed ipsilateral cochlear nucleus.
In the patient with degenerative type of myoclonus epilepsy, wave I was reconized only in both sides.
In the patient with pontine glioma, wave 1, 2 and 3 at the right side and wave 1 and 2 at the left side were recognized, but the following components were obscured in both sides. The right side response was considered similar to of a cat destructed bilat. inf. colliculus, and the left side one was similar to that of a cat with destruction of bilat. Sup. olivery nucleus complex.
In the patient with the 4-th ventricle tumor, wave 1, 2, 3 and 4 were recognized in both sides, and probably wave 5 was depressed in both sides. was considered similar to that of a cat with destruction of contralateral inf. colliculus or contralateral sup. olivery nucleus complex. It was considered that the pattern was suggestive of a medial lesion of the upper portion of the brain stem.
The data of animal experiments could not be applied to the clinical use, but it could be very useful for topographical differential diagnosis of the brain stem lesions.

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