Variation of body color was investigated quantitatively among Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) and compared with other species of the genus Macaca, using a . Color is expressed by three values: lightness, red-green, and yellow-blue. The most prominent variation of body color in Japanese macaques is well defined by geography, and the lightness correlates well with the winter temperature. However, the geographical body color cline can be also explained as cryptic function. On the other hand, groups of the Japanese macaques living in peripheral parts of Japan tend to show the varied body color. This pattern of appearance is similar to those of other morphological characters, such as skull, and it may be related to the genetic drift. The hypothesis that the cryptic coloring is the primary function for the body color in macaques, is supported also by the analysis of body color of other species of macaques, taking ecological settings of their living places into consideration.

抄録全体を表示

In this study, the influence of soluble anthraquinone compound (SAQ) addition to the kraft cooking process on decreasing the load of elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching was investigated by analyzing unbleached pulps. As a cooking additive, 1, 4-dihydro-9, 10-dihydroxyanthracene sodium salt in alkaline solution (SAQ) has been used to accelerate delignification in many kraft pulp (KP) mills. The addition of SAQ resulted in increased pulp yield as well as increased pulp brightness among all investigated hardwood and softwood pulps. Furthermore, the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content in unbleached pulp was not affected by the addition of SAQ under the same cooking conditions. Therefore, it is likely that the load of ECF bleaching will not increase with the addition of SAQ. The most important benefit of the addition of SAQ was found to be a decrease in the kappa number along with an increase in the pulp brightness to induce a decrease in the bleaching load.

抄録全体を表示

The Elementary Chlorine-Free (ECF) bleaching process for kraft pulp (KP) has prevailed in Japan. We have known that hexenuronic acid (HexA) in ECF bleached pulp plays an important role in brightness reversion (yellowing) of the pulp, and studied ways to remove HexA. Acidic sized paper made from ECF bleached pulp often causes the yellowing by heat and moisture. As a result, we noticed that peroxymonosulfuric acid (MPS, Caro’s acid) and HexA react effectively, and developed an ECF bleaching process which is equipped with a MPS stage. Consequently, the brightness reversion significantly decreased. MPS was found to be one of the bleaching chemicals which can remove HexA efficiently, and it has begun to be used in the first stage of a KP bleaching process in Japan. On the other hand, there is concern that removal of HexA may cause an increase in the environmental load from the effluent of the pulp bleaching process and a decrease in pulp yield. We have clarified the relationship between the amounts of HexA removed from pulp and the total organic carbon (TOC) in the filtrates of the washed pulp which were subjected to MPS treatment, hot acid (A∗) treatment, and chlorine dioxide (D) treatment, respectively. The environmental load in effluent was compared between the various methods for HexA removal. From the results, it was found that the effluent load of the MPS process was considerably lower compared with other processes. In addition, it was suggested that the reaction of HexA removal by MPS treatment should be different from that of cutting the bond between a xylan chain and a HexA residue.

抄録全体を表示

堆積岩中の有機物、特に有機質微化石の色は、堆積岩の熟成度により変化する。これを利用した熟成度指標として、有機質微化石の色の変化を目視によって評価する指標Thermal Alteration Index (TAI; [1]) や、有機質微化石の明度を定量的に評価する指標 Palynomorph Darkness Index (PDI; [2]) が開発され、応用されてきた。有機質微化石の色や明度は、熟成度のほか微化石の壁の厚みや組成、構造により変化することが知られており、熟成度指標として利用する際には、同系統かつ膜の厚みが同程度で装飾の少ない微化石を選んで分析を行い、試料間の比較に用いることとされる。すなわち、同一の堆積岩試料中に見られる微化石の色や明度の多様性には、有機質微化石の膜構造や組成、有機質微化石が被った続成変化の違いなどの多様な情報が反映されている可能性がある。そこで、本研究では、花粉・胞子化石の色から熱熟成度以外の古生物学的・地質学的情報を抽出することを目的に、熱熟成度が同等の堆積岩試料中の花粉・胞子化石の明度および色相を定量的に比較し、それらの関係から、色の変化の要因を考察した。Takashima et al. (2019)[3] で採取された北海道苫前地域古丹別川沿いに分布する上部白亜系蝦夷層群羽幌川層の Coniacian 期の泥岩から酸処理・アルカリ処理によって花粉・胞子化石を分離し、花粉・胞子化石を鑑定した。花粉・胞子化石の画像の取得と花粉・胞子壁の厚さの測定には、オリンパス生物顕微鏡CX-43、顕微鏡用カメラBig Eye KP10000および撮影ソフトRisingViewを用い、取得した花粉・胞子化石の画像のうち、花粉・胞子壁の折れ込みなどがない部分を選び、

(Apple Inc.) により色情報（RGB値）を取得した。RGB値をもとに、有機質微化石の明度を示すPDIと、明度と独立した色情報として色相 (hue) を算出し、花粉・胞子粒子のそれぞれの値を比較した。PDIと色相の間にはよい相関が見られ (R² = 0.8768, n = 31)、明度が高い (PDIが低い) 花粉・胞子化石ほど黄色に、明度が低い (PDIが高い) 花粉・胞子化石ほど赤色に近づく関係が示された。さらに、花粉と胞子の比較では、花粉化石は明るく黄色い領域（低PDI、高hue）に、胞子化石は暗く赤い領域（高PDI、低hue）に分布する傾向を示した。熱熟成度が同等の堆積岩中の花粉・胞子化石にPDIおよびhueの違いをもたらす要因として、1) 形態（花粉・胞子壁の厚さ)の違い、2) 続成過程の違い、3) 花粉・胞子壁を構成する成分の違いが考えられる。1) に関して、花粉・胞子壁の厚みが増すほど暗く赤くなる弱い傾向 (thickness vs PDI: R² = 0.28, thickness vs hue, R² =0.22) が認められるものの、花粉や胞子のPDIとhueの大幅な差異は厚みの違いのみで説明することはできない。2) に関して、風媒の花粉は飛散により堆積場近傍まで運搬され得る一方で、胞子は主に流水により運搬され、蝦夷層群の堆積場に到達するまでにより重度の初期続成作用を被った可能性があり、これが胞子化石のPDIが高く赤い色相を示す要因となった可能性がある。ただし、胞子同様の運搬経路を経た花粉が存在しないとは考えにくく、現時点での予察データにおいて暗く赤い色相を示す花粉化石がないことが説明できない。3) については、花粉・胞子壁を構成するスポロポレニンの成分が花粉と胞子で系統的に異なることが報告されており [4]、この差異が熱熟成や初期続成作用を受けた際のPDI・色相の変化の程度に違いを生じさせている可能性が考えられる。[1]Staplin, F.L., 1969. Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 17 47–66.[2]Goodhue, R. and Clayton, G., 2010, Palynology, 34 (2) 147–156[3]Takashima, R. et al., 2019, Newsl. Stratigr., 52 (3) 341-376[4]Xue, J. et al., 2020, Mol. Plant., 13 (11) 1644-1653

抄録全体を表示

Six types of pulps that were prepared under acidic or neutral papermaking conditions were investigated about behavior of yellowing or the others after accelerated aging tests. The relationship between the hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of pulps and yellowing was clarified for non-chlorine-bleached pulps (elemental chlorine-free (ECF) and totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleached pulps) prepared from hardwood oxygen-bleached kraft pulp (LOKP). A trial test of enzymatic removal of HexA from LOKP was attempted by treatment with a crude enzyme solution containing a new hexenuronidase.
The results indicated that the brightness reversion of LOKP that was prepared by acidic papermaking and underwent a humid accelerated aging test was greater than that of LOKP that underwent a dry accelerated aging test. On the other hand, the brightness of LOKP increased after sunlight exposure aging test. Under sunlight exposure, the structure of the lignin in bleached thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and bleached chemical thermomechanical pulp (BCTMP),which is similar to the lignin in wood, changed to coloring structures. However, the effect of this change on brightness reversion was minimal in acidic papermaking. Plain paper copier (PPC) paper and news printing (NP) paper, which are prepared by mixing used paper with secondary fibers, were assumed to consist of both chemical and mechanical pulps and therefore showed a relatively stable brightness in spite of accelerated aging conditions and pH in papermaking.
Under conditions of neutral papermaking, LOKP showed the least brightness reversion and the brightness of TCF and ECF pulps were similar to each other. On the other hand, the yellowing of TCF and ECF pulps prepared in acidic papermaking tended to increase with the increase in HexA content of the pulps. In addition, the pulps had the following order of good brightness stability : full-bleached TCF, full-bleached ECF, semi-bleached TCF, and LOKP.
HexA removal from LOKP with crude enzymes solution containing hexenuronidase (activity for Δ-X₃ : 2-O- (α-hexenuronic acid) -D-xylotriose) was optimum under the following treatment conditions : 0.24U⁄g, pH 5.5, 40°C, and 6h. It was shown that 40 mmol⁄kg of xylose was dissolved into the filtrate when 20 mmol⁄kg of HexA was removed from the pulp ; however, the decrease in the pulp yield was minimal.

抄録全体を表示

パルプ用原料として期待されている南アフリカ産のユーカリ属ナイテンス（Eucalyptus nitens），スミジアイ（E. smithii），グランディス（E. grandis），およびマッカーサリー（E. macarthurii）材について，クラフト蒸解と無塩素漂白に対する特性を明らかにした。
スミジアイの材密度はマッカーサリーのつぎに高く，0．665g／cm³であった。リグニンのアルカリ性ニトロベンゼン酸化による構造分析では，シリンガアルデヒドのバニリンに対する比（S／V比）がスミジアイ材で4．18と最も高かった。スミジアイ材のクラーソンリグニン含有量はナイテンスのつぎに低く22．8％で，スミジアイ材は最も脱リグニンされやすく，蒸解性に優れていることが示された。パルプ収率はナイテンスのつぎに高かった。酸素漂白パルプをさらにオゾンと過酸化水素で漂白したところ，スミジアイパルプの白色度が最も高く，86．7％ISOであった。
四種のユーカリ材の中でパルプ材として最も適する材はスミジアイであり，それは材密度とパルプ収率が二番目に高く，漂白後に高い白色度を示したためである。

抄録全体を表示

For better estimation of the temperature of red-hot volcanic ejecta from their images taken by online digital cameras at night, we studied the applicability of a new pyrometer to the images. Our pyrometer applies the theory of black-body radiation to the color of red-hot object. We examined the color of red-hot volcanic ejecta, a heated basaltic rock with known temperature, and infra-red LEDs. Because of the sensitivity to infra-red ray, a digital camera Nikon D40 can visualize hot basalt specimen at temperatures much lower (ca. 370℃) than the naked eyes (500～550℃). As a side-effect of this capability, color data of the hot basalt discord from the isothermal color lines calculated from the black-body radiation and the CIE colorimetric system. Night photographs taken by the online digital camera aimed at the explosive ash eruptions of Asama volcano (2 a.m. 2 Sep., 2009) indicated that the color of red-hot volcanic ejecta was disturbed by the influence of infra-red ray in the same manner as observed on the heated basalt specimen in the laboratory. As a result, the temperature of the volcanic ejecta would be much lower than their appearance in digital images (e.g., 1000℃) but higher than the detection limit (370℃). Comparison of the color of red-hot volcanic ejecta and isothermal color lines revealed that some of the volcanic ejecta fell along the 600℃ isotherm line of the black-body radiation, which suggests that volcanic cloud reduces the influence of infra-red ray. The estimated temperature (600℃) is consistent with those deduced from petrological observation and thermodynamic computation (600〜700℃). We conclude that color analysis of the images of red-hot ejecta taken by online digital cameras are useful in temperature evaluation when images suffer less influence of infra-red ray.

抄録全体を表示

系統的な色変化を示す花崗岩中赤色アルカリ長石4種について，国際的色表示パラメーターであるL*，a*，b*を，パソコンとスキャナーによる新しい簡便な方法で求めた．得られたa*-b*図上での4試料を通しての色変化に対する回帰直線は、赤鉄鉱含有量支配の色変化に対比できる．反射顕微鏡とEMPA観察により，微細赤色含鉄粒子とともに白色要因であるマイクロポアの存在を確認した．ラマンスペクトル解析により，これらの赤色粒子は赤鉄鉱と一部マグへマイトであることが判明した．反射電子線像とその画像解析により，微細鉄酸化鉱物粒子とマイクロポアについての分布パターンとそれらの含有割合（面積比）を見積もった．これらのデータは，今回のアルカリ長石色変化が，主として酸化鉄鉱物が寄与する赤色要因とマイクロポアのサイズ分布と数密度が寄与する白色要因の両方に支配されていることを示している．

抄録全体を表示

In Oriental medicine, body and soul are regarded as one and inseparable.
Many of the cases described involve syndromes characterized by their chronic nature. Chief complaints are cold shoulders, necks and arms with pain or numbness in them; or paresthesia in the lower half of the body, specifically from thoracic vertebra TH¹⁰ down. Many of the patients combine syndromes related to the digestive system accompanied by such psychic conditions as apprehension and restlessness. With constant pain and numbness as well as paresthesia, it is understandable that the patient should feel restless and irritable.
In these cases, therapy is not limited to the patient's chief complaint such as pain in the shoulder. Rather, the general complaint which forms the background to the pain is grasped and attempt is made to alleviate the symptoms through changing the general condition of the patient. This leads to alleviation and elimination of the chief complaint.
I have learned this through first-hand experience gained in the last five years, treating chronic patients who visited our laboratory as out-patients. I, therefore, believe that acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a representative physical therapy in the domain of Oriental medicine and that it is a allassotherapy that shares the objective with modern physical therapy in that both aim at removing the chief complaint through treating general complaints. Needless to say, mental and emotional conditions can cause trouble of the digestive system. That is the very reason why reference was made to treatment of patients with complaints related to the digestive system in addition to descriptions of our clinical experience with patients with pain which is known to indicate acupuncture and moxibustion therapy. You have seen that acupuncture and moxibustion therapy is a uniquely Oriental physical therapy which aims at treating the body on the principle that it is one with the mind.
The clinical cases just reported demonstrate that acupuncture and moxibustion therapy can be expected to produce direct effects on such chief complaints as pain, numbness and paresthesia. The reason is explained variously by different experts. We have reached the following conclusion through such modern demical experimental and observation techniques as moirétopography, infrared thermography, electrocardiograms and electroencephalograms: The efficacy of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy manifests itself in the improvement of the peripheral circulation system through relaxation of tension in the soft tissue, which results particularly from proper selection of the tsubo. I believe this demonstrates one aspect of the overall effect of acupuncture therapy.

抄録全体を表示