The legend of Urashima is told in English by several writers. The legend itself has been handed down in several versions. The earliest attempt at introducing this Japanese folk tale to English readers was made by B. H. Chamberlain, when he translated a poem on Urashima from the Manyoshu, the earliest Japanese anthology.
His translation was not a prose, but a poem after the manner of an English , which is a favorite style with the English people in reciting the medieval legends. English and Japanese are quite different languages with almost antipodal characters. He believed that the Japanese poetry could be better understood by English readers when rendered in English poetic style. His early translations, including “Urashima”, was literary, but later his taste changed. He was no longer satisfied with the liberal translation. He wanted to be strictly faithful to the original text.
He wrote for English boys and girls four Japanese fairy tales, one of which is “Urashima.” It is adapted from a popular version of the fisher boy Urashima.

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This paper discusses the causes, developments, characteristics, and significance of the 1905 anti-American boycott movement in Singapore and Malaya. The author argues that the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya in the first decade of the twentieth century should not be simplistically classified into two camps, the supporters of the Reformists and those of the Revolutionaries, as conventional wisdom has suggested. In 1905, Chinese with different political ideologies all worked together to boycott American goods for their self interests. They were concerned about their rights of residency and work in the British colonies. They feared that should the anti-Chinese policy prevailed in the United States, the British government would adopt a similar measure against the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya. The author also argues that the boycott movement was one of the earliest popular movements in the region because the Chinese from different social strata were all mobilized. More significantly, the 1905 boycott laid the foundation for popular support of the revolutionary movement in the subsequent years.

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This paper deals with the emergence of political consciousness among Indonesian teachers and students in public Dutch-Indonesian teacher training schools (Hollands Inlandse Kweekschool, HIK) during the last colonial decade up to the beginning of the Japanese occupation in 1942. Most of the Indonesian teachers and students, who pursued careers and education respectively in government schools, had initially embarked from personal expectations of upward economic mobility. Yet, in the course of the 1930s, they grew in deliberate willingness and perception to engage in a wider scope of social dynamics without limiting themselves to the area of power politics. In this paper, the manner in which these students and teachers gave meaning to their daily lives inside and outside of school is identified and analyzed as the factor that critically contributed to the emergence of political consciousness among them. Although the transformation that the teachers underwent in their view of school education was a radical leap when seen from the perspective of the Indonesiacentric historiography of the 1930s, it did not actually show a process of transformative pedagogy. The sense of citizenship that the teachers shared in the 1930s, albeit a dramatic shift from the motivation that had originally propelled them, did not reflect the notion of public education as an independent practice of cultural upbringing irrelevant to the state and state-formation ideology.

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本稿の目的は，ベトナム地理学の歴史を前近代の地理的知識の発達から現在の状況まで，その専門分野や方法・手法の変遷と制度や大学での地理学の教育から概観を試みることである。

前近代は中国の地誌の影響を受け，国家の土地問題や地方行政制度に有用な地理的知識が蓄積され，それらに関連した地図も作成されたが，地誌の体裁は中国の伝統的な形式を超えるものではなかった。

フランス植民地時代には旧来の地誌の形式を踏襲した自然，経済，歴史・政治地理，統計の4分法が用いられた。マスペロらによる古文書研究所での地名や歴史地理は注目される。自然地理学ではカルスト地形や洞窟学が考古学者や地質学者によって発達した。応用的な地理学分野としては工芸作物の適地利用，灌漑システム，気象観測所の適地調査，フランス人のためのヒルステーション立地などが研究された。

1930年代になるとフランスの人文地理学の影響が顕著となり，ロブカンやグルーが北部ベトナムの地誌や土地利用研究で活躍した。とりわけグルーの『トンキンデルタの農民』（1936）は空中写真や詳細な地形図を駆使した不滅の業績であるが，第二次世界大戦以後のベトナム地理学では長く忘れられた存在であった。

現代の地理学は1954年から75年までが一つの画期となる。モスクワ大学を頂点とするソビエト地理学の圧倒的な影響下にあって，地質学，地形学が中心となった。ベトナムの戦後第一世代の多くがこの時期に共産圏諸国の留学生によって占められた。1975年に南北ベトナムの統一が達成されたが，メコンデルタや中部の研究に特色が見いだされる。

1986年以降のドイモイによる経済開放によって，アングロサクソン系地理学のさまざまな手法や概念が英語メディアを通じて徐々に入ってきたが，その歩みは遅々たるものだった。その間に，リモートセンシングやGISの手法による地域計画が国家事業の観点から重要な役割をにない，地理学の地位を高めた。

大学における地理学はハノイ大学（現在はベトナム国家大学ハノイ校）の地質学・自然地理学を中心に，景観生態学や地形学，土地管理などの分野が中心の学部と，ハノイ教育大学，ホーチミン大学における経済地理，人文地理学中心のものに大別される。いずれもGIS，リモートセンシングなどを用いたツーリズムや応用地理学的な分野に特色を持つ。

ベトナムの地理学会は1988年に設立され，ハノイ大学を中心として5年ごと大会を開催しているが，定期刊行物はない。ほかにベトナム国立科学技術アカデミーにも研究者がいて，天然資源，環境，災害が主要テーマとなっている。

近年は「総合地理学」の名のもとに，人文地理学がベトナムでようやく力を持ち始めている。その対象とするのは人間が作った人文景観や中・小地域でのコミュニティ，都市・農村地理学で，現代ベトナム地理学の台風の目となろうとしている。その一方で，政策・計画や自然地理学と社会経済地理学を重視したソ連流の人文地理学も並存し重要視されている。

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This paper is a linguistic critical analysis by reflecting upon Robin Tolmach Lakoff's sociolinguistic analysis within her brilliant understanding of linguistics in her book, "The Language War". She portrays her understanding of linguistics though current events in time. She discusses about how politics and the people are entwined within the "Language War". Although her book was written in the year 2000, we are continuing her theory. We will add new current event issues to her theory while reflecting along with her book. According to Professor Lakoff, the purpose of linguistics is to translate and interpret the meanings of events for the next generation. Therefore, the writer of this article will follow Professor Lakoff's strategies while explaining past issues toward recent issues that are occurring in the news so we can understand the meaning of the "Language War". We must first look at the "Language War" in the testimony of violence within African American Blues, Jazz, and Spirituals. African American Blues, Jazz, and Spirituals are historical voices, resources, databases of witnesses, and victims of the past. These voices screamed out the inequality of generations. In a way, they are still surviving a "Language War" even today. They screamed for help in protest and yet due to those who perpetuated the violence of segregation, intimidation, and discrimination that took place, "no one" could help them but continued to avoid the problem. It was as if they were absent apathetic bystanders in denial and neglect. The reason is because prejudice and bigotry became the thorn of evil stuck in between the heart of empathy to produce apathy. Those who perpetuated violence under the power of mass persuasion acted in collective behavior. To understand the meanings and the backgrounds of many of these exquisitely deep profound lyrics or language of Blues, Jazz, and Spirituals, we must also understand the history of what happened to the African Americans. The United States is often viewed as a melting pot due to the history of the settlers who were faced with the difficulties in assimilating into the European society. However, these same apathetic amnesiac settlers then colonized the American Indians and their land to build what they thought was a paradise with slavery. Professor Robin Tolmach Lakoff, coined the process of what America was caught up in as the "Language War". In this "Language War", no one understood the cycle of harassment which just continued like a domestic violence. According to Professor Lakoff, the "Language War" triggered the importance of the civil rights movement in the late 60s. Out of the blues came forth a muse. Her name was Billie Holiday. This report is also to acknowledge the 100th year commemoration of the memory of Billie Holiday for the power of her voice gave birth to civil action that fought that Language War.

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