「扇絵」は扇にするために扇面に描かれた絵である。しかし扇はその形態ゆえに傷みやすく、経年劣化した過去の扇は、保存修復の為、しばしば扇骨を抜かれ平らに表装されている。そしてそれらの扇絵が調査される際は、その平面になった状態のままで研究が続けられている。しかし扇絵を正しく解釈するには、元の姿を推定することが重要と考え、ここで元の扇を復元的に制作したものを「再現扇」と呼び、「扇絵」の理解の為の手段として提案した。 　「再現扇」の制作には、推定が必要であり、1.折面と扇骨の位置関係、2.折目線と折面の状態、3.扇面比に伴う歪みの変化、などの扇そのものの物的・工作的特性と、4.扇絵自体の描画特性、の４項目を手掛かりとした。またそれらに加え過去の扇の計測数値や、江戸時代の絵師が描いた現存する扇の描画例も推定の参考にした。 　次に先行研究から、「写楽扇面」の調査分析、及び「源氏物語絵扇面」の構図分析の二事例を取り上げた。それらに対し、具体的に「再現扇」を作成することによって従来とは異なる観点からの解釈を行った。 　結果、①写楽扇面は、折目の存在からそれぞれ異なる履歴を想定した二説があったが、再現扇の作成を通じて新たな履歴が想定された。そしてその立体となった扇からは平面とは異なり登場人物の視線が自然と向き合う動きのある歌舞伎の一場面を感じさせるものとなった。また調査対象となった、同じく写楽作とされる「老人図」の扇とも類似する扇の形態を妥当と考えるに至った。②源氏物語絵扇面は室町時代の作である。扇絵に描かれた不自然に見える柱や床の歪みを矩形に変換することで構図解明が追求されてきたが、矩形の再現図では歪みは解消できていなかった。それに対し「再現扇」からは「歪み」の不自然さは感じられず、凹凸を生かした奥行きのある構図となった。源氏絵を得意とした土佐派は、当時より、扇絵の描画特性を備えた固有の描画法を確立していたのではないかと考えさせる結果となった。

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Recently, noise is severely restricted by ISO standard 14000, such as about 40 [dB(A)] noise level at night. Usually, small type includes centrifugal , axial flow , cross flow and so on. Although centrifugal is considered as the most silent one among them, further reduction of noise level is required. noise is generated with the coherence between the blade and the tongue of the . Therefore noise can be reduced when the blade is removed or the blade is kept away from the tongue. In this study, two types of new idea fans were developed. The first is the multi disk friction type which was developed from a viewpoint of no blade . The second is the multi disk with blade, which we call hybrid . This is a combination of the multi disk and the centrifugal . In case of the hybrid , the blade was kept away from the tongue. Hybrid is expected to achieve low noise and high performance characteristics. Experimental apparatus was constructed. performance and noise level were measured. Furthermore, power spectrum analysis was conducted. Multi disk with no blade showed the lowest noise level characteristics among the fans experimented. Hybrid shows much lower noise level than that of centrifugal . Desired noise level characteristics and performance characteristics can be obtained with hybrid .

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The cross flow has an eccentrically located vortex inside impeller. The vortex behavior has a large effect on the performance and noise. Although investigations on the internal flow of cross flow have been performed by many researchers, quantitative relationship between the eccentrically located vortex and noise is not sufficiently made clear. In our previous study, we developed a noise reduction method of cross flow by using a step tongue and a skew tongue. Unfortunately, a detailed mechanism of noise reduction is not known yet. In this paper the flow pattern and the noise of cross flow are experimentally and numerically examined.

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For axial flow compressors and fans in the aircraft engines higher pressure ratio is required in order to attain the high thrust engines. In this study, the with the tandem cascades was introduced to increase the pressure ratio. The use of tandem cascades in the allows savings in length and weight and therefore a compact could be built. The design of with tandem cascades and the testing were carried out to develop the high pressure ratio for the Air Turbo Ramjet (ATR) propulsion system. The ATR is a combined cycle engine which performs like a turbojet engine at subsonic speeds and a ramjet at supersonic speeds. In particular, high pressure ratio contributes to increase the engine thrust during subsonic flight at which the engine does not make use of ram effect. The results of the testing indicate that the pressure ratio of 2.2 is achieved in single stage .

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The Toyohira River has formed an alluvial during the Holocene. The author studied the Toyohira River alluvial and distal floodplain from the viewpoint of the -delta complex deposited through a river system. A series of lobes was found on the distal part of the Toyohira River alluvial . These lobes consisted of bed load gravels and natural levee deposits. The stratigraphy of the deposit and marginal alluvium was studied based on ¹⁴C datings and geological sections.
The Holocene evolution of the Toyohira River alluvial and its distal floodplain can be summarized as follows (Fig. 7).
During the latest Pleistocene, the Toyohira River formed a -delta system at the lower sea level of the last glacial age, As the sea level rose, in the early Holocene, the Toyohira River formed a confined delta in the western part of the bay mouth, dissecting the Pleistocene in the upper part of the -delta system. In the late Holocene, after the sea level had risen to the present stage, the Toyohira River shifted its channel gradually eastwards, and buried a lagoon confined by the Momijiyama barrier. This channel shift was accompanied by lateral erosion at the head, and with the formation of lobes distal to the . Such alluvial construction means that the Holocene surface of the Toyohira River was formed by two separate processes, erosion and deposition, independently (Fig. S). During the late Holocene, the Toyohira River alluvial has developed not continuously, but episodically, as is suggested by an extraordinarily large-scale lobe of ca. 3, 500y.P. P. The geomorphic process controlling such episodic development is not clarified.

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The cooling effect and thermal comfort resulting from a

with a fine water mist spray was compared to that of a alone in a shaded outdoor area on hot summer days with temperatures exceeding 35ºC with 161 test subjects.

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A unique feature of the cross flow is the eccentrically located vortex inside the impeller which is thought to result in the 's high performance characteristics. The position and the circulation of the vortex are affected by the casing configuration of the . The vortex behavior has a large effect on the noise level, as well as on the performance. The experiments presented in the present study show that the reduction of the noise level is possible by installing annular bands around the ends of the impeller. Two sets of annular bands were used. In addition to the measurement of performance and noise levels, spectral (i.e., frequency) analysis of the acoustic signal was also undertaken. Further, flow measurements were undertaken to determine the vortex center location and to ascertain the mechanism of the observed noise reduction. Furthermore, a commercial 3-D flow analysis software package, SC/Tetra version 7 (CRADLE Co., Ltd.), was used to analyze the flow in the , confirming variation in the location of the vortex center with the small geometry changes and thus, indirectly, the effect of the annular bands on the noise level and performance.

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The popular totally enclosed cooled motors less than 100kW in capacity rating have a structure where a radial is mounted as an external and air flow blew by the cools the outer surfaces of bearing brackets, and a stator frame. Increase in the amount of wind generated by the is essential to better cooling performance of this type motors. This paper proposes a new design index to increase the cooling wind without growth of -related noise on the basis of theoretical prediction and experimental verification. The resultant optimum external provides appreciable increase in the wind amount while suppressing its total pressure. An experiment on a four-pole motor running at 60Hz has demonstrated about 20% increase in the wind amount, also about 20% decrease in -driving power, and about 2dB decrease in -related noise.

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Cross flow fans have extensive industrial applications, from air conditioning and ventilation to agricultural sprayers, as well as a wide variety of heat transfer applications. This is a unique type of with an eccentric vortex inside impeller which produces high pressure coefficient. However, some problems are not yet solved completely about the effects of geometry on the performance. The position and the circulation of the vortex are affected by the casing configuration of the . The vortex behavior has a large effect on the performance and noise level. In this paper a method of noise reduction of cross flow is experimentally investigated. The method involves varying the geometry of the dividing tongue through slight alterations in position and⁄or the introduction of axial variations in the tongue geometry. The visualization studies undertaken to ascertain the mechanism of the observed noise reduction is accomplished.

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The Rokugo alluvial lies around 39° 25' N and 140° 34' E in northern Japan. The distance between the proximal at 90 meters above sea level and the distal at 45 meters is about four kilometers. The unconfined aquifer of the consists mainly of gravel and sand. Four artificial recharge basins were constructed on the central part of the . Observation in struments are wells and piezometers installed in depths of 20 m and 50 m. In this paper, the author discusses the effects of artificial recharge using the basin No.2 at the center of the . The recharge experience was done during the period when ground water level was affected by melting snow, from April 8 to May 2, 1998. Results obtained are as follows : first, artificial recharging caused a rise in the hydraulic head, which was related to the Rokugo town area situated on the distal , and second, because the author supplied the basin No.2 with water with a low water temperature after snow melted, the characteristic phenomenon of ground water temperature was recorded by piezometers in a depth of 20 m at both sites of central and distal . Consideration of this point is a theme for future studies. As a synthetic judgment, the artificial recharge of ground water contributes to sustainable aquifer management in the alluvial .

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The fibrosis-4 index, albumin-bilirubin score and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio are all prognostic markers in patients with heart failure. Recently, the

score, which includes all 3 of these markers, was developed as a useful risk stratification tool in patients with cancer. However, its cut-off values have not been validated for heart failure. We aimed to investigate the optimal cut-off and prognostic values of the score in patients with heart failure. We analyzed 669 consecutive patients hospitalized with heart failure (age, 75.8 ± 11.3 years). Their median values of the fibrosis-4 index, albumin-bilirubin score, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio at discharge were 2.12, −2.25, and 2.41, respectively. The score for heart failure (HF- score) was calculated using these median values. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death and heart failure rehospitalization. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to HF- scores of 0 (n = 112), 1 (n = 231), 2 (n = 242) and 3 (n = 84). Patients with HF- scores of 3 were older, had higher brain natriuretic peptide levels, and larger inferior vena cava diameters. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a direct correlation between higher HF- scores and occurrence of the primary endpoint (log-rank P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed a higher HF- score was significantly associated with a worse prognosis even after adjustment for possible prognostic factors. Changing from the score to HF- score provided significant continuous net reclassification improvement. In conclusion, the HF- score at discharge was useful for risk stratification in patients hospitalized with heart failure. The HF- score might be more suitable for patients with heart failure than the score.

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This study examines the way of utilizing a ceiling for airflow control in a large air-conditioned room. Although it seems that CFD simulation is useful in predicting the airflow around a ceiling , modeling of a ceiling as a rotating body is very complicated. Therefore, in this study, complex airflow of a ceiling is modeled as boundary conditions based on air velocity data near the ceiling obtained by the measurement. In this paper, the measured airflow pattern around the ceiling is compared with the CFD simulation result using the airflow model of the ceiling , in order to examine the validity of the airflow model. As a result, the CFD results were in good agreement with the measurement ones in respect of the average of air velocity.

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The Rokugo alluvial in Akita Prefecture has abundant groundwater that is discharged from a belt of springs situated at its toe. In order to examine the groundwater flow system in the , a monthly water sampling and chemical analyses program was conducted for the spring and river water around the covering the period between irrigation and non-irrigation.
A seasonal variability of isotopic ratios was not observed in either the river or spring water samples. However, a seasonal variability was seen in the chemistry of the river water. The results of present and previous studies show that the groundwater discharged in the belt of the springs at the toe of the is recharged by rainwater, irrigation water, and underflow water from the apex of . From observations of water chemistry and isotopic ratios in spring water samples, these studies also suggest that the multiple sources of recharge water are mixing within the . Additionally, it is suggested that this groundwater flow system is controlled by the differences in grain size in the deposit.
The groundwater flow system for three springs located at the edge of the is found to be different from that of others, which suggests that these specific springs might be affected by recharge from bedrock groundwater.

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Since the evaporator system has been wildly applied in industry, its operating performance needs to be optimized to reduce energy consumption. Considering the evaporator, duct and

as basic module, the matching relationship of these components must be analyzed and discussed. In this paper, to improve the design efficiency in module structure, the method to identify the design parameters and establish their mapping relationship is presented, and the structural design model of rectangular duct with finned evaporator is given. After analyzing the structural parameters of evaporator and in air cooling duct, the structural design of the evaporator and duct is identified in three geometrical parameters, which are the basic design variables in this evaporation structure. First, the simulation model of duct and evaporator is established, and air flow and heat distribution under variable structural parameters is simulated and compared with the experimental data gathered from the refrigeration module platform. Then, the relationship between three structural parameters and operating performance (the heat transfer and power) are discussed, and this quantitative mapping model is established as the design reference for evaporation structure. Finally, the optimized design is given with the energy performance evaluation in the evaporation and duct module, and this optimized design results are proposed as the structural parameter references in the case study.

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Interference between a VAV damper and a inverter operation that changes the air volume for room temperature control is theoretically reproduced by using a mathematical model to analyze the mutual interference. The simulation analysis shows the effects of proposed methods for the inverter operation rule to reduce the interference. The results show that the adopted control strategies for the multi-zone VAV control system solve the mutual influence between the VAV damper and the inverter operation and save electric power consumption.

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In this paper, a numerical study has been carried out to investigate the influence of jet design variables on the performance of a jet . In order to achieve an optimum jet design and to explain the interactions between the different geometric configurations in the jet , three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics and the DOE method have been applied. Several geometric variables, i.e., hub-tip ratio, meridional shape, rotor stagger angle, number of rotor-stator blades and stator geometry, were employed to improve the performance of the jet . The objective functions are defined as the exit velocity and total efficiency at the operating condition. Based on the results of computational analyses, the performance of the jet was significantly improved. The performance degradations when the jet is operated in the reverse direction are also discussed.

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In this paper, a superposition distortion index K_A2 is introduced to indicate the relationship between the distortion intensity and the speed. The data to calculate the K_A2 was obtained by the distortion experiments using the two stages axial flow and distortion screens. A number of conventional distortion indecies such as K_ra2, DI, D_min, K_θ, K_D2, DC60 are presented to evaluate the each radial and circumferential distortion intensity. In previous paper, both radial and circumferential distortion indecies are expressed in one figure to evaluate the distortion intensity more accurately. This method, however, cannot tell the influence of the speed. The index K_A2 includes the radial distortion index Kra2 and the circumferential distortion index K_θ, the influence of speed. The influence of speed was obtained from the stall margine decrease of the characteristics curves.

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  The mechanism of starting a fire from a kerosene heater by misusing of gasoline is similar to that from a wich-type kerosene heater. However, a combustion control device and many safety devices of a kerosene heater are different from those of a kerosene heater. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate an outbreak of fire risk by these differences.
  In this work, an outbreak of fire risk of a kerosene heater by misusing of gasoline was examined through combustion experiments. Then, we confirmed that the mechanism of starting a fire from a kerosene heater require fuel leakage as well as a kerosene heater. The difference of the structure of a kerosene heater influenced the outbreak of fire mechanism. And a flame sensor that is one of the safety devices was found to detect misusing of gasoline. Moreover, the GC analysis of each component of a burnt-out kerosene heater was found to be effective to prove misusing of gasoline.

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The noise characteristics of a turbofan engine and noise abatement technology have been studied by the authors.
The study was concentrated on the theoretical analysis of the spinning mode propagating from the rotating of a high bypass-ratio turbofan engine and the practical technology to abate the noise and the practical technology to abate the noise acoustic linings on the engine inlet duct and the cowl. Through the above study, the procedures to determine the optimum impedance and necessary dimensions on the acoustic treatment for the reduction of the rotating noise under given conditions were obtained. Following those procedures, acoustically lined ducts were designed, manufactured and installed on a high bypass-ratio turbofan engine for a series of noise measuring tests. As a result, it was revealed that the acoustically lined duct attached to the engine inlet is effective for the reduction of the noise level so long as it is designed to the optimum impedance value for maximizing the attenuation rate of the spinning mode, and that some portions of the spinning mode can be cut off even by the solid wall duct, though this was not realized in the simulation test using a plane wave source.

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