A person with selective mutism (SM) in adolescence sometimes reveals group adaptation difficulties such as school absenteeism, as well as other associated psychopathological symptoms such as depression; and thus their condition is typically highly complex. In this study, a high school student with SM, who experienced associated symptoms of school absenteeism, social anxiety, and depression besides suppression of speech and movement, was given feedback on voice volume after reading aloud and subjected to an in vivo exposure technique. In the voice volume feedback, as a result, the student's voice volume improved by 10 dB compared to the beginning of the study and became loud enough to be easily heard. In addition, anxiety scores on speech and activity decreased, and the number of responses to the counselors increased. However, the treatment cannot be considered adequate since the student spoke only in a low voice and less frequently even after the treatment. Nonetheless, recovery from SM in adolescence is deemed difficult; thus, the intervention introduced in this study may be inferred to have had measurably positive effects.

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Purpose of the review: The purpose of this review is to describe the surgical approach to benign superficial lesions of the larynx. It will discuss the microanatomy of the layered vocal fold structure and how this impacts decisions as to how to approach such lesions and the appropriate surgical instrumentation that helps to facilitate safe and effective surgery. A number of common lesions will be presented along with the various surgical techniques that allow for maximizing the surgical results, preventing recurrence and minimizing risks.

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This paper is a further presentation and discussion of the author's voice research and previous paper and film on singer's (high) formant associated with different larynx position in styles of singing. The main results and points are: 1. The singer's high formant pattern varies with similar characteristic (two to four high and often compact energy peaks, including a possible extra peak f_e, in the bright frequency range); 2. The f_e is also found in high laryngeal singing and does not necessarily appear as a typical acoustic feature in all professional singing voice; 3. Sundberg's lowered larynx interpretation does not explain the extra formant, singer's formant, and voice quality; 4. Sundberg's different definitions of singer's formant are not inclusive of the various formant patterns of singing associated with different laryngeal position and different types ; 5. The author also suggests a definition for the singer's formant; 6. The low laryngeal position could be yet regarded as a distinctive feature for the covered singing voice though not for the trained singing voice; 7. The source characteristics and the interaction between the source and the supra/sub glottal systems are possibly different in styles of singing associated with various laryngeal positions.

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The “Pearl Spring”, the mass protest movement which occurred in Bahrain in 2011, gathered a lot of attention amid the wave of the Arab Spring. However, this protest movement was repressed and the monarchy held onto its rule. What has happened to the country since then? The existing literature has shown that Bahraini politics after the 2011 uprising have been characterized by strengthened authoritarian rule and deepening social divisions. Against this background, this article examines formal and informal, royal-led and society-led attempts for national reconciliation. Though sincere efforts to bridge these social divisions have been made, their success has been limited. This article illustrates that a lack of mutual trust or consensus on the form of governance has led to this limited success. Furthermore, examination of the situation of youth societies also reveals the influence of the rules of the game exerted on the civilian society. To overcome such a dilemma, there was a call for national consensus on the Bahraini constitution, but divisions among the society as a whole, as well as among the ruling family and the opposition, have cast a shadow over national reconciliation.

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文字資料がなくても、方言比較研究により、文法化の過程を知ることができる。文字資料がある日本語上代との比較により、日本語の文法化事例を加えることができる。琉球語の語彙項目^*i-(自動詞する)の文法化過程をたどる。八重山・石垣市宮良(みやら)方言の動詞語形変化の型は、日本語と異なる。5段活用対応型が、更に、1段活用対応型の活用語尾-i-(r-)と同じ形態素を持ち、同じ活用型を持つ。八重山・与那国方言の「する」を意味する自動詞i-(r-)と比較することにより、嘗て、語彙項目だった^*i-(r-)の文法化であることが推定される。その際、日本語連用形相当の形が最も基本的な形であること、その機能的意味が、話し手認識の関与しない、事象生起であることが注目される。

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