This paper presents the statistical results of the aircraft SSR Mode-C altitude keeping accuracy using an altitude suveillance system (ASS) which was developed by the Electronic Navigation Research Institute from 1988 to 1990.

Because of a steady increase of air traffic delays in recent years, ICAO started to consider the reduction of the vertical separation from 2,000ft to 1,000ft between FL 290 and FL 410 for increasing cruise levels. Based on the collision risk assessment, ICAO RGCSP concluded in 1988 that the application of a 1,000ft vertical separation minimum was technically feasible if the air system perfomance is monitored. This ASS was developed to realize a concept of the monitoring system subject to this conclusion.

SSR data of 40,000 flight hours were processed and checked by the ASS and then the assigned altitude deviations (AAD) were detected and stored in a database in 1991. This AAD database was statistically analyzed in 1992. The average AAD was-2.1ft and the standard deviation was 47.9ft. The most influential factor to AAD was the aircraft type, the next factor was the airline operation. The difference of cruising altitudes was the least significant factor.

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破裂脳動脈瘤患者の慢性期での搬送を経験した.症例は51歳の女性で, 大分県への旅行中にクモ膜下出血を発症, 脳血管撮影で脳底動脈先端部に動脈瘤が発見され, 近医にて保存的に治療されたが, 脳血管彎縮による左片麻痺を生じた.約1カ月後, 根治術のため当科へ転院したが, 動脈瘤の形状と周辺血管との関係より開頭術, 血管内手術ともに高リスクと判断されたところ, 患者が郷里での治療を希望し, 発症約2カ月後, 医師が付き添って大分から沖縄へ民間定期便による搬送を行った.十分な鎮静および血圧管理に注意を払い, また, 飛行中の気圧変化を最小限に抑えるため機長の協力により超低空飛行を行ってもらい, 安全に搬送し得た.

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A terrestrial laser scanner-based method for estimating the leaf area density (LAD) distribution is examined while considering the degree of penetration of the laser beams into the tree and the influence of wind, which can lead to errors in outdoor measurements. Two Japanese zelkova (Zlkova serrata) trees of 6 m in height were used. Each tree was scanned from four positions, each at a distance of 4.5m from the tree. To evaluate the influence of wind on the estimation accuracy of the LAD distribution, laser-beam-transparent sheets were installed around one tree to block the wind. LAD distributions with a voxel size of 0.3m×0.3m×0.3m were estimated based on a previously developed method in which the contact frequency between laser beams and leaves was calculated. Through these estimations, two different methods for using data acquired from multiple scanning positions were examined. In the first method, all scanned data and the calculated LAD were integrated (Integration). In the second, the LAD was calculated for each scanning position, and the maximum LAD was adopted for each voxel (Selection). The estimated leaf area was compared with the measured area by stratified clipping. When the wind was blocked, the difference in the estimation accuracy between the Integration and Selection methods was small, even though the number of incident laser beams on each voxel in the Selection method was smaller than that in the Integration method. The estimation errors in determining the leaf area for the upper, middle, and lower layers of the tree were 10-15% for both methods. When the wind was not blocked and the wind speed reached 0.5m/s, the LAD was overestimated by both methods, but the difference between the LAD estimated with and without the sheets was within 10% in the Selection method. Conversely, the LAD estimated by the Integration method was 20% greater than that estimated by the Selection method. These results indicate that the Selection method is suitable for estimating the LAD distribution in outdoor spaces.

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炭化水素部分とフッ素化アルキル基部分をエーテル基で結合した構造を持つアリール=フルオロアルキル=エーテルは，高耐久性，フッ素原子由来の潤滑性能を示す化合物である．本研究では，フェニルエーテル油，シリコーン油やポリアルキレングリコールなど高耐久性潤滑油基油との混合油を調製し，その潤滑性能をFalex試験機を用いて評価したところ，アリール=フルオロアルキル=エーテルの添加により，摩耗が著しく抑制される結果となった．また，高圧DSCによる分解温度の測定から，評価に用いたアリール=フルオロアルキル=エーテルはここで検討に用いた高耐久性潤滑油基油とそん色のない高温安定性，酸化安定性を示した．これらのことより，アリール=フルオロアルキル=エーテルは，フェニルエーテル油，シリコーン油やポリアルキレングリコールなどの基油との混合油とすることにより，高耐久性潤滑油となりうることが明らかとなった．

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ポリマーを接着剤として使用する場合,あるいはポリマーが被着体として使用される場合(成形物,シート,フィルム,ゴム,繊維など),接着の強さは,ポリマーの構造と物性とによって決定的に支配される.ポリマーの構造と物性のうち, ここでは特に次の問題について, 最近の研究例を紹介する.( 1 ) 接着強度とポリマーの力学的性質.一口に接着強度といっても,接着強度はそれぞれ測定法によって力学的意味が異なる.各種の測定法について,破壊強度という観点から,ポリマーの力学的性質との関係を考える.(2)分子量,分子量分布.接着強度は接着剤の分子量によって支配される.その理由を考えてみる.(3)結晶性.接着強度は,ポリマー(接着剤と被着体の両方)の結晶化度,結晶形態によって決定的に支配される。研究例を紹介する.

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The energy flow which consists of inflow, conversion, consumption and discharge of energy is estimated for the region of Osaka Prefecture. To estimate energy flow in commercial and residential sector, we used not only the statistic but also our field survey results. We classified the phase of anthropogenic heat into sensible, latent and hot water discharge and examined the accuracy of the classification. The estimated energy flow is evaluated from the viewpoint of environmental impacts such as heat island, global warming and local/global atmospheric environment. Energy saving potential of heat cascading is also evaluated. In the final part of this paper, the impact of diffusion of DHC with cogeneration system in residential and commercial sector on total anthropogenic heat and emission is evaluated.

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This paper discusses an analogical design method which makes use of a form of something else byanalogy. There are in fact numerous cases of the analogical design, and in the first part of this paper a number of examples are given in relation to their source's form. Two ideal types of the analogical design which could be identified with opposite ends of the conceptual spectrum are able to be established. The first is what is called here the "duck type" which is named on the basis of formative characteristics of architecture which Robert Venturi calls by the "duck", and the second is what is called here the "human body's diagram type" which is named on the basis of characteristics of the analogy of the human body in the "Vitruvian diagram of the human body". As Venturi says 'Where the architectural systems of space, structure, and program are submerged and distorted by an overall symbolic form. This kind of building-becoming-sculpture we call "duck", the "duck"' refers to architecture in which a form of something else is directly transferred or represented. In this case, the analogy of a form is motivated by an attitude which intends to transfer mataphorically or represent directly the source's form in the design. This type of attitude in the analogical design is called here the "expressively-oriented attitude". Futhermore, it is apparent in this case an action of embodiment which concretely represents or embodies the source's form in the design acts strongly. Therefore, the "duck type" represents the case in which the "expressively-oriented attitude" and the action of embodiment strongly act together in the analogical design. On the other hand, the analogy of the human body in the "Vitruvian diagram of the human body" does not mean to represent directly and concretely the figure of the human body in architecture but means to apply rationally and suitably the formative principle, which is abstracted from the form of the human body as idealized proportion, circle and square, to architecture. In this case, it also means that to imitate the formative principle of an ideal human body is exactly a rational way of design which follows the divinely formative principle. Such a formative attitude in the analogical design, therefore, can be regarded as the "rationally-oriented attitude" as opposed to the "expressively-oriented attitude". At the same time, an action of abstraction which abstracts the formative principle from the form of the human body acts strongly in this case. Therefore, the "human body's diagram type" represents the case in which the "rationally-oriented attitude" and the action of abstraction strongly act together in the analogical design. These two ideal types represent the extremes respectively as to characteristics of the analogical design. Therefore, the analogical design found in practice dose not necessarily fall in the category of either extreme. But, these ideal types are useful to explain characteristics of the analogical design. Two contrasting instances which are very close to the two ideal types are taken up and discussed : Saarinen's TWA Terminal Building and Corbusier's "Museum of Endless Growth". The TWA Terminal Building appears to be generated from the form of a bird which is poised for flight, and the design is analogically developed through an image of the form. This formative work of the TWA is like that of sculpture, and the design aims at figurative representation of the form of a bird from the first. Therefore, this design is considered as the analogical design which is close to the "duck type". On the other hand, the "Museum of. Endless Growth" is developed from the spiral form of the snail and the design method is clearly

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A inviscid-viscous interaction calculation method for propeller open characteristics at steady condition is presented. The method consists of the non-linear steady lifting surface calculation, the quasi-three-dimensional boundary layer calculation for rotaing blades including three-dimensional and rotation effects and the pressure calculation for two-dimensional wing with wake. Major viscous effects for wing, thickned wing, deformed camber, change in attack angle and existence of wake, are all taken into consideration. Viscous effects on propeller open characteristics of three model propellers having different chordwise load distributions are calculated. Although the results show lower values than experimental values, it is verified that the present method can estimate viscous effects with accuracy. The three-dimensional effects of propeller boundary layers have significant influence on inviscid-viscous interaction problem. It is concluded that the problem of inviscid-viscous interaction of propeller open characteristics should be treated with the thick wing theory not with the thin wing approximation.

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This report is a theoretical consideration about agglomerating process of industries. We applied Input-Output Analysis to this subject. We originated some indexes using Inverse Matrix to supplement insufficiency of existing indexes. Those were Industrial correlative coefficient, Input concentration coefficient, Output concentration coefficient and Income generation ratio. We compared values of those indexes about all industries and indicated that there were two types of agglomerating force of productive groups. Type-1 : groups forming self-multiplicative agglomeration. Type-2 : groups forming stiff agglomeration. And we indicated that there were the kernel industries of agglomerating process and the industries which were utilized for instrument of labour by all industries including themselves. We concluded that these industries were very important for the agglomerating process.

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本研究は,静岡のプラモデル製造企業を取り上げ,各社資料および聞き取り調査の結果から,技術獲得の経緯および協力企業との分業構造の特性を示すことで,静岡市を中心とする当該産業企業の集積メカニズムを明らかにしたものである.プラモデル製造企業は,設立年や進出時期,技術獲得の経緯の違いから,転換企業,進出企業,新興企業に分類できる.また,これら企業の分業構造は,センター型(転換企業,新興企業)とネットワーク型(進出企業)に分類できる.センター型の分業構造のもとでは,金型や品質の管理が容易である.ネットワーク型の分業構造のもとでは,短時間での多種多量の製品の製造が可能である.また,自社と取引先のみならず,取引先企業間の近接性も求められる.いずれの分業構造の企業であっても,物流を伴う取引の多さから,近接性が求められている.さらに,プラモデル製造企業は,地元の取引先の多くと,企業設立以前から顔馴染みであったり,設立時から取引を継続していたりする.プラモデル製造企業の分業構造を支えているものは,顔の見える相手との信頼関係である.このような静岡に埋め込まれた取引関係もまた,静岡におけるプラモデル製造企業の集積を促している.

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