The dispersal of three species of plant-and leafhoppers was studied in a rice plant nursery and in the paddy field, using the mark-recapture method, i.e. Delphacodes striatella, the small brown planthopper (S.B.P.) ; Nephotettix cincticeps, the green rice leafhopper (.) ; and Deltocephalis dorsalis, the zigzag striped leafhopper (Z.S.L.). When the rate of recapture was high, the relation between log-transformed numbers of recapture and distance from point of release was expressed by a linear regression. Dispersal rates strongly decreased with time. In the nurseries, the maximum distances of recapture after one day were : -S.B.P., 10〜15m ; ., 7〜13m ; Z.S.L., 10〜13m. After five days the maximum distances were : -., 15m ; Z.S.L., 28m. In the paddy fields, . had covered the maximum distances of 23〜41m in the first day, and of 26〜35m in the second and third days. In the nurseries, the mean distance of dispersal per day were estimated at 7.5m for S.B.P. ; 6.3m for . ; and 7.1m for Z.S.L. In the paddy fields, the mean distance of dispersal for . were estimated at 12.5m per day, and 13.7m per two days in Station B ; and 16.6m per three days in Station C.

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We designed, synthesized, and identified two novel nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PIs),

-037 and -044, containing P2-tetrahydropyrano-tetrahydrofuran (Tp-THF), P1-benzene and P1-methoxybenzene, respectively, and P2'-isopropyl-aminobenzothiazole (Ip-Abt), based on the structure of the prototypic PI, darunavir (DRV). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀s) of -037 and -044 against wild-type HIV-1_NL4-3 were 0.042 and 0.0028-0.0033 nM with minimal cytotoxicity profiles compared to the IC₅₀ values of four most potent FDA-approved PIs, ranging from 2.6 to 70 nM. -044 was also potent against HIV-2_EHO (IC₅₀=0.0004 nM) and various PI-resistant HIV-1 variants (IC₅₀ ranging from 0.065 to 19 nM). In the selection assays we conducted, the emergence of HIV-1 variants resistant to -044 was significantly delayed compared to that against DRV. Thermal stability test using differential scanning fluorimetry employing purified HIV-1 protease (PR) and SYPRO^® Orange showed that both -037 and -044 tightly bound to PR. A28S substitution emerged in the homologous recombination-based selection assays with -044. Structural analyses showed that the larger size of -044 over DRV, enabling -044 to fit better to the hydrophobic cavity of protease, contributed to the greater potency of -044 against HIV-1. Structural analyses also suggested that the van der Waals surface contact of -044 with A28' appears to be better compared to that of DRV because of the larger surface of Ip-Abt of -044, which may be partially responsible for the emergence of A28S. The present antiviral data and structural features of -044 should provide molecular insights for further design and development of potent and "resistance-repellant" novel PIs.

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In this century, three huge vertical holes of several tens of meters to about 100 m diameter and depth were discovered by SELENE (Kaguya) on the Moon. They might be skylights of subsurface volcanic caves such as lava tubes. Similar holes have also been discovered on Mars. Each lunar hole might be formed by the penetration of a meteorite on the lunar surface with an underground cave. Exploration involving entry into the lunar and Martian holes is being planned to investigate the subsurface caves. The exploration was designated as Unprecedented Zipangu Underworld of the Moon and Mars Exploration (UZUME). One purpose of UZUME is to resolve various planetary science issues. Another is to investigate the potential for utilization of the Moon and Mars. Caves, or possible lava tubes that are extending laterally from the bottom of the vertical holes, are expected to have great resource value, but they are apparently not well known. The ISECG Science Knowledge Gap Assessment team, for instance, claims that “the use of lunar lava tubes will not be a scenario in the near future” for various reasons. However, the team's claims must be reconsidered. As presented herein, with examination of the reasons for their claims, we again assert the resource value of lunar lava tubes.

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垂直氷円柱の融解実験から自然対流輻射複合融解伝熱特性を検討した.
垂直氷円柱の自然対流融解伝熱Nu_cmeltは, 複合伝熱の実験値Nu_meltから, 輻射伝熱Nu_rを差し引くことにより, 次の半理論式が求められた.この式の適用範囲は, 10⁷から10⁹である.
Nu_cmelt=/4

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　米国大気海洋局 (NOAA/CMDL) と気象研究所 (MRI/) で使用しているメタン標準ガスのスケールの違いを明らかにするため相互比較実験を実施した。相互検定用ボンベに充填された空気のメタン混合比をMRI/のスケールを基準として測定した結果、1.7545±0.0015ppmの値が得られた。これは、NOAA/CMDLによって値付けされた混合比に比べ23.0ppb高いことがわかった。この実験を通じて、MRI/のメタンのデータがNOAA/CMDLと同じスケールで比較することが可能になった。

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Experimental investigations have been carried out on fluid flow and heat transfer of opposing combined forced and natural convection of water adjacent to a heated vertical plate. The length of the plate, L, are L = 50, 100 and 150 mm. The plate is heated with a constant heat flux. The experiments cover the range of Reynolds and Rayleigh numbers as; 4×10² < Re_L < 5×10³, 4×10⁶ < Ra_L* < 3×10¹¹．The flow fields around the plate were visualized with dye. The result shows that the separation of the laminar boundary layer of forced convection appears first at the bottom edge of the plate when the non-dimensional parameter (

*/Re_L^2.5) = 0.4 and the separation point reaches to the reading edge when (*/Re_L^2.5) = 3. The local heat transfer coefficients from the plates were subsequently measured with thermocouples. The result shows that the coefficients deviate from those of the pure-forced convection with the onset of flow separation at the bottom. It is also found that the combined convection region was determined as; 0.35 < (*/Re_L^2.5) < 4.0.

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The natural convection of an electrically conducting fluid on a vertical plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is analysed for the magnetic field depending on the λ th power of the vertical distance. The effect of the magnetic field on the heat transfer may be uniformlly described by the magnetic parameter Z=Z₀ (x/L)^2λ+1/2, where Z₀=2M^^-2//2 (M^^- : Hartmann number, : Grashof number, L : plate length). The local Nusselt number is reduced as the magnetic parameter is increased, for example, 14% at Z=1, 45% at Z=5 for Prandtl number P_r∼0.01, while 11% at Z=1, 36% at Z=5 for P_r∼1. Also, if the total magnetic field intensity is equal, the larger effect for the mean Nusselt number is expected in the case λ>0.

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Meiotic analysis, pairing affinity and fertility studies were carried out in Solanum commersonii Dun. (cmm, 2n=2x=24) by Solanum gourlayi Haw. (, 2n=2x=24) triploid hybrids, obtained through the functioning of 2n eggs of cmm. Mean arm pairing frequency (“C”) and relative affinity (“X”) were calculated according to Alonso and Kimber (1981). The “C” value was high but the “X” value was intermediate. Pollen stainability for three triploid hybrids was 31.7, 29.5 and 2.5 respectively. Crosses between the cmm× triploids, used as females, and various species of Solanum with different ploidy were performed. Hybrids with 24 to 31 chromosomes were obtained from these crosses. The results of this study give and indication that the cmm and genomes are highly homologous. Therefore a high degree of gene exchange between the genomes of these species is expected to occurr in meiosis. The feasibility of utilizing as a “bridge” species, for transfering important genes of cmm to the cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum L. are discussed.

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An optical line shape for E→T₂ transition in tetrahedral symmetry has been calculated for the case where both the ground and the T₂ excited states are coupled to an e vibrational mode. The effect of quadratic Jahn-Teller coupling in the ground state on vibronic fine structure is investigated. The calculated result has been compared with the absorption band in diamond. The origin of a 40 meV sideband observed experimentally has been explored within the framework of the Jahn-Teller interaction following the suggestion by Davies and Foy. It has been shown that its energy position and relative intensity can be explained, if the quadratic coupling of e-t in the T₂ excited state is taken into account.

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Opposing mixed convective flows adjacent to a vertical, heated cylinder have been investigated experimentally. The flow and heat transfer under the influence of strong buoyancy force are of particular interest. Experiments were conducted for the ranges of Reynolds and modified Rayleigh numbers 2×10³<Re_L<2×10⁴ and 7×10⁹<Ra_L^*<2×10¹². The flow fields around the cylinder were visualized. The results indicate that the separation of forced flow occurs at the bottom edge of the cylinder when the nondimensional parameter (*/Re_L^2.5)=0.8, and reaches the upper edge when (*/Re_L^2.5)=5.0. The local heat transfer coefficients of the cylinder were also measured. The results show that the minimum and maximum coefficients appear at the separation and the reattachment points of the forced flow, respectively. The heat transfer data were correlated with the nondimensional parameters to yield a general heat transfer formula.

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Experimental investigations have been carried out on opposing mixed convection of water around a heated vertical plate. The length of the plate is 50 mm. The plate is heated with a constant heat flux. The experiments cover the ranges of Reynolds and modified Rayleigh numbers as; 4×10^2<Re_L<2×10^3, 4×10^7<Ra_L^*<3×10^9.The flow fields around the plate were visualized with dye. The result shows that a separation of the boundary layer flow appears first at the trailing edge of the plate when the non-dimensional parameter (^*/Re_L^<2.5>)=0.4 and the separation point reaches to the leading edge when (^*/Re_<L<2.5>)=3. Moreover, the local heat transfer coefficients of the plates were measured. The results show that the heat transfer is not coincided with that of the pure forced convection by the above flow separation.

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A large amount of the energy released during solar flares is converted into high energy particle acceleration: electrons and ions. These particles are detected either in the interplanetary space or through the radiations that they produce in the solar atmosphere (radio, X-ray and γ-ray emissions). After a brief discussion of the hard X-ray and γ-ray emission processes, we focus on the observational constraints on the accelerated particles: occurrence of ion acceleration in solar flares, time scale for particle acceleration, transport from the acceleration site to the emitting regions. The relative abundances of the accelerated nuclei and in the interaction site deduced from γ-ray spectroscopy are discussed. Finally the relationship between gamma-ray line and solar energetic events will be examined.

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Experimental investigations have been carried out on the fluid flow and heat transfer of opposing flows induced over a vertical heated plate placed in a uniform downward flow of water. The vertical plates of lengths L = 50 and 100 mm, heated with uniform heat flux were utilized in the experiments. The Reynolds and modified Rayleigh numbers based on the plate length were ranged as; Re_L = 4×10² - 4×10³ and Ra_L^* = 4×10⁶ - 3×10¹⁰, respectively. The flow fields around the heated plates were first visualized with dye. The result showed that the separation of the laminar boundary layer of forced convection appears first at the bottom edge of the plate and the separation point shifts from the bottom to the leading edge of the plate with the surface heat flux. We also found that the separations of flow at the bottom and upper edge can be predicted with the non-dimensional parameter as; (

*/Re_L^2.5) = 0.4 and 3, respectively, where the parameter (*/Re_L^2.5) stands for the ratio of the buoyancy to the inertia force. The local heat transfer coefficients from the plates were subsequently measured with thermocouples. The result showed that the coefficients deviate from those of the pure-forced convection with the onset of flow separation at the bottom edge. We have also found that the overall Nusselt numbers from the plate show minima at around (*/Re_L^2.5) = 1.0. Moreover, by comparing the overall Nusselt numbers to those of the forced and natural convections, the combined convection region was determined as; 0.35< (*/Re_L^2.5) <4.0.

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インド型品種Lepe-dumaiよりツマグロヨコバイ耐虫性を導入した日本型の水稲中間母本農6号(以後,中母農6号と略)の耐虫性遺伝子を同定するため,125個のRFLPママーカーを用いた中母農6号のグラフィカルジェノタイプを明らかにした。その結果,第3染色体で5個,第11染色体で2個の近接するRFLPマーカーがLepe-dumai型のRFLPパタ－ンを示し,このRFLPマーカーの座乗する染色体領域にLepe-dumai由来の染色体が導入されていることが明らかになった。また感受性の日本型品種トヨニシキと中母農6号とのF₁にトヨニシキを戻し交配して得たB₁F₁,76個体において,RFLPマーカーと耐虫性程度との分離データに基づく計量形質遺伝子座(QTL)分析の結果から,第3と11染色体上のこの二つの領域に,作用力の大きい補足作用の耐虫性に関するQTLが存在することを明らかした。これまでの報告で,中母農6号の耐虫性は2または3個の優性の補足遺伝子により支配され,このうちの一つはGrh2であることが明らかにされている。しかし,Grh2の遺伝子座あるいはそれ以外の遺伝子にたいする遺伝子記号および遺伝子座につではいまだに明らかにされていない。今回の我々が同定した第3染色体と第11染色体の2個のQTLは,これまでの報告の優性補足遺伝子に対応するものであり,その一つはGrh2であると考えられた。また,これまで第3と11染色体上にはツマグロヨコバイの耐虫性に関する遺伝子は報告されていないことから,もう一方の遺伝子にGrh-4(t)の遺伝子記号を仮称した。今回,二つの遺伝子がどちらの染色体上にそれぞれ位置するのかを特定することは出来なかったが,耐虫性遺伝子それぞれに連鎖するRFLPマーカーを同定することができた。このことにより,ツマグロヨコバイ耐虫性に関する品種や系統の開発に分子マーカーを用いた選抜育種が可能となる。今後,複雑な発現機構をもつ中母農6号の詳細な耐虫性の遺伝的機構や遺伝子座の同定を進めるために,この二つのツマグロヨコバイ耐虫性遺伝子をそれぞれ一個ずつ単独で保有する同質遺伝子系統をRFLPマーカーを用いて育成する予定である。

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Current anti-HIV drugs have significantly improved the prognosis of HIV infected patients so much so that it is now considered a chronic disease, and adherence to medications keeps non-detectable amounts of the virus in the body. However, HIV is still able to generate drug resistance substitutions. Protease inhibitors (PIs) in combination with other classes of anti-HIV drugs constitute an important part of the anti-HIV drug regimen. This article discusses some of the common resistance substitutions against PIs, mechanistic insight on resistance, and potential new inhibitors that can show efficacy against current resistant variants.

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