The glucose disposal effect of insulin after a meal is accounted for in approximately equal measure by the direct action of insulin and the action of (hepatic insulin sensitizing substance) released from the liver and acting on skeletal muscle to stimulate glucose storage as glycogen. The ability of insulin to cause release is determined by hepatic parasympathetic nerves. Eliminating the parasympathetic signal by surgical denervation of the liver or by blockade of hepatic muscarinic receptors, hepatic nitric oxide synthase, or hepatic cyclooxygenase results in insulin resistance that can be accounted for by the absence of action and is referred to as -dependent insulin resistance (HDIR). Animal models in which the insulin resistance has been shown to be HDIR includes the spontaneously hypertensive rat, sucrose fed rats, animals with liver disease, adult offspring of fetal alcohol exposure, acute stress, and ageing. We suggest that HDIR accounts for the major metabolic disturbances in type 2 diabetes, including the postprandial hyperglycemia that results in the majority of pathologies related to diabetes. The observation of meal-induced insulin sensitization (MIS) and the role of allows for consideration of a new paradigm relating meal processing, diabetes, obesity, and insulin resistance. New diagnostic approaches and therapeutic targets are described.

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-triggered chorus emissions recorded at low-latitude ground station Gulmarg (geomag. lat., 24°26N; geomag. long., 147°09E, L = 1.28) on March 8, 1986 are reported. From the detailed spectral analysis of these emissions, it is found that the chorus is -triggered and each chorus element has tendency to originate from the band. Based on the theory of Helliwell, and previous satellite VLF data, a possible generation mechanism of low-latitude -triggered chorus emissions is proposed. An attempt has been made to find out the chorus source location and the length of resonance region from which the various parameters associated with generation mechanism are determined.

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　In rice (Oryza sativa L.), heat-induced spikelet sterility () has long been recognized a major threat in the production, and currently the potential risk of yield reduction is likely to be increasing under global warming. However, there have been few studies on conducted under field conditions. In recent years in Japan, extremely high temperatures have frequently recorded in the daytime during the summer. In 2018, heat wave lasted from mid-July to late August, which overlapped the typical rice heading period from eastern to western Honshu and raised a concern about during flowering. To examine this possibility, we surveyed rice sterility in eight prefectures in the Kanto, Tokai, and Kinki regions. During surveys in 2018 and 2019, we collected field data on the sterility of ‘Koshihikari’, the most popular rice variety in Japan, and the sterility ranged from 3.7 to 15.4% in paddy fields. The sterility tended to be higher in the paddy fields where heading occurred during the heat wave. We modeled the sterility rate using the heat dose based on daytime mean panicle temperature, with a threshold for at 33°C. The model estimates based on meteorological data showed that can be induced even under current climatic conditions, depending on the timing of heading. Considering the projected global warming, this study raises an issue that rice plants would face a risk of under the temperate climate in Japan.

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Projected global warming is expected to increase the occurrence of heat-induced spikelet sterility () of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Previous chamber experiments have shown that can occur where temperature at flowering time exceeds the threshold temperature of around 35°C. The occurrence of is, however, difficult to predict because the thermal conditions of rice canopy can be different from the air temperature under field condition. To cope with this, we developed a simple micrometeorology model focusing canopy and panicle temperatures; IM²PACT (Integrated Micrometeorology Model for Panicle And Canopy Temperature) as a tool to be incorporated into general meteorology databases. The IM²PACT was validated by leaf transpiration retarding (RT) experiment. During their flowering stage, leaf temperature elevated by RT treatment, which caused warming and drying of the air inside the canopy, resulting in the elevation of the panicle temperature (T_p). The IM²PACT well simulated the RT experiment, and was proved to simulate not only the T_p magnitude but also the effects on T_p of leaf transpiration characteristics via changes in micrometeorology inside the canopy. The IM²PACT was applied to the meteorology dataset based on ANEMOS in order to analyse the T_p at Kanto and Tokai regions of extremely hot summer in 2007. There was a great gap in spatial distributions between the T_p and the daily maximum air temperature which is commonly used as a measure of , because the difference of meteorology, especially relative humidity, among areas altered the panicle-air temperature difference. This strongly suggests that we must refer to the T_p instead of the air temperature in daily maximum, as a measure variable for . The IM²PACT is a powerful tool to elucidate the T_p in the climate change impact study to bridge between the responses of crop susceptible to heat and the meteorological data.

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Electromagnetic waves in the VLF range associated with auroral were observed by the S-310JA-11 and -12 rockets launched from Syowa Station into quiet auroral arcs and breakup auroras, respectively. The altitude profile of electric field intensity observed by the S-310JA-12 rocket in the frequency range less than 5kHz showed a distinct peak at an altitude of 90km. The source location of the auroral has been estimated so that the observed altitude profile of the intensity, particularly around the altitude of 90km, coincides with the altitude profile calculated using the full wave analysis. It was found that the auroral is most likely to be generated at an altitude about 700km. The intensity of auroral around the altitude of 200km at a frequency of 4kHz observed by the rocket was 4.3×10^-5V/m/√Hz, which is much stronger, by about 50dB, than that of auroral observed on the ground at Syowa Station. This means that the k-vector direction of auroral observed on the rocket is outside the transmission cone.

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Employing ADP crystals as light-modulators with frequency selecting characteristics which are caused by the mechanical resonance of the crystals, an instantaneously recording type speech sound analyser and a synthesizer controlled by the visible-speech pattern have been devised. Simple tentative sets of the analyzer and the synthesizer by this principle have been constructed and successful results have been obtained. This synthesizer has seven main (timbre) channels and a separate subsidiary channel for the signal controlling the fundamental pitch of the voice source or introducing the noise () source as prescribed. As a more useful apparatus, a practical design of the analyser-synthesizer which is now under' construction by the authors is given. The optical system comprises 25 timbre channels (including 25 resonators with consecutively different resonance frequencies around 45 kc/s) and three subsidiary channels for pitch, and total intensity signals. The same opticalsystem is utilized both for the analyser and for the synthesizer. By this apparatus, the speech with any length is analysed and recorded on a running photographic film simultaneously as spoken, and after developing the pattern, the recorded film is driven by the same driving system, thus the original speech being played back. The revision of any particularly interested features, such as pitch inflections, stresses, spike or characteristics, transients of the formants etc. can be made on the recorded (or originally hand-painted) pattern. The speed of the speech on the play back can be changed as desired. The possibility of the application of this system to the vocoder is also discussed.

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Low-latitude VLF was observed at dawn time at Moshiri (L = 1.6) and Kagoshima (L = 1.2), Japan during 20h00m UT to 23h30m UT on October 20, associated with the severe magnetic storm (K_p = 8) during October 19-21, 1989. The VLF with a band-limited spectrum exhibited an increase of frequency (f_max) of the maximum energy with local time. Based on the quasi-linear model for -type mid-latitude VLF emissions developed by SAZHIN (1984) and using electron density data by EXOS-D satellite, it is estimated that injected electrons of about 5 keV associated with the maximum depression of the magnetic H-component around 13h30m UT on October 20 contribute to the generation of the VLF at dawn time around L = 4.8 of the magnetospheric equatorial region. The plasmapause has been disrupted due to the strong magnetospheric disturbances when the VLF was observed. The increase of f_max may be due to a combined effect of the energy dependences of different drift starting longitudes of the hot electrons injected in the evening sector and of the drift velocities of the electrons encircling the Earth, and a temporal variation of the cold electron density in the generation region at dawn sector. Furthermore it is implied that the VLF has penetrated through the ionosphere at the higher latitude than that of Moshiri and then propagated toward the low-latitude stations in the Earth-ionosphere wave-guide mode.

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The data of natural plasma waves obtained from the initial three month observations of the planetary plasma sounder (PPS) system are investigated, focusing on VLF to LF range phenomena in the polar ionosphere. It is disclosed that the dynamic spectrum of the auroral VLF phenomena consists of the main portion and wings. The main portion whose lowest frequency is less than 1kHz is associated with the leaked AKR phenomena, suggesting that the main portion is generated at the acceleration region of the auroral particles. The wings that have a cut-off frequency at several kHz, higher than the main portion, are formed as the result of the cut-off at the lower hybrid resonance frequency in side area of the source region. These features suggest that the auroral VLF emissions are generated through the Landau type interactions with the auroral particles in the large wave number domain of the whistler mode which is of the nature of a electrostatic plasma wave. The detailed features of the LF emissions are derived for the first time from the data with high time resolution in time and frequency. The auroral LF emissions in a frequency range from 100kHz to 450kHz have weak and relatively steady dynamic spectra showing a clear contrast with the leaked AKR phenomena which shows the very intense and highly variable feature. It is found that the generation of the LF is sometimes taking place at the level of 500km altitude. The upper hybrid mode waves are also generated in the polar ionosphere by the electron beams streaming down from the acceleration region, and the waves are observed in the form of locally trapped Z-mode waves that are converted while propagation through the inhomogenous media.

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V-shaped and saucer emission observed by the Akebono satellite in the auroral region in the altitude range between 3, 000 km and 5, 000 km were studied on their wave normal directions using 5 components of electric and magnetic field wave data by Phillips-Tikhonov regularization method. It was found that the V-shaped come down to the spacecraft and their azimuthal direction of wave normal is anti-symmetric with respect to the location of V-shaped frequency minimum. Ray tracing study is made to see how the frequency versus time characteristics and wave normal direction of the emissions should be at the satellite level. The results by ray tracing shows good agreement with the observation, under the assumption that the initial wave normal direction is circularly symmetric around the magnetic field, with the resonance cone angle.

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Several types of electromagnetic waves are known to be emitted by charged particles on the auroral field lines. In this paper we review the most important types of auroral radio emissions, both from a historical perspective as well as considering the latest results. Particular emphasis is placed on four types of electromagnetic emissions which are directly associated with the plasma on the auroral field lines. These emissions are (1) auroral , (2) saucers, (3) ELF noise bands, and (4) auroral kilometric radiation. Ray tracing and radio direction finding measurements indicate that both the auroral and auroral kilometric radiation are generated along the auroral field lines relatively close to the earth, at radial distances from about 2.5 to 5 R_E, probably in direct association with the acceleration of auroral particles by parallel electric fields. The exact mechanism by which these radio emissions are generated has not been firmly established. For the auroral the favored mechanism appears to be amplified Cerenkov radiation. For the auroral kilometric radiation several mechanisms have been proposed, usually involving the intermediate generation of electrostatic waves by the precipitating electrons.

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The possibility that VLF observed at low latitudes is a consequence of waveguide mode propagation of energy from sources located in the auroral zone is examined in some detail. From the locii of the hypothetical point sources which would yield the observed power ratios for any given pair of stations, it is found that sources located in a region around the auroral zone can explain the observations at all stations. It is also shown that the accepted values of the dominant mode attenuation in the terrestrial waveguide can explain the observed spectral densities at low latitudes only if we assume the presence of an extended source along the auroral zone.

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Measurements of sferics background noise on long-life balloon receivers at middle to very high latitudes show interesting effects explicable in terms of earth-ionosphere waveguide propagation from low latitude sferic sources. For propagation over thick (>2km) ice in day-time the measured attenuation was (22±6) dB/km.

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We have used alanine-scanning site-directed mutagenesis of the dimer contact region of starch phosphorylase from Corynebacterium callunae to explore the relationship between a protein conformational change induced by phosphate binding and the up to 500-fold kinetic stabilization of the functional quarternary structure of this enzyme when phosphate is present. Purified mutants (at positions Ser-224, Arg-226, Arg-234, and Arg-242) were characterized by Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and enzyme activity measurements at room temperature and under conditions of thermal denaturation. Difference FT-IR spectra of wild type and mutants in ²H₂O solvent revealed small changes in residual amide II band intensities at _??_ 1, 550 cm^-1, indicating that ¹H/²H exchange in the wild type is clearly perturbed by the mutations. Decreased ¹H/²H exchange in comparison to wild type suggests formation of a more compact protein structure in S224A, R234A, and R242A mutants and correlates with rates of irreversible thermal denaturation at 45°C that are up to 10-fold smaller for the three mutants than the wild type. By contrast, the mutant R226A inactivates 2.5-fold faster at 45°C and shows a higher ¹H/²H exchange than the wild type. Phosphate (20 mM) causes a greater change in FT-IR spectra of the wild type than in those of S224A and 234A mutants and leads to a 5-fold higher stabilization of the wild type than the two mutants. Therefore, structural effects of phosphate binding leading to kinetic stability of wild-type starch phosphorylase are partially complemented in the S224A and R234A mutants. Infrared spectroscopic measurements were used to compare thermal denaturations of the mutants and the wild type in the absence and presence of stabilizing oxyanion. The broad denaturation transition of unliganded wild type in the range 40-50°C is reduced in the S224A and R234A mutants, and this reflects mainly a shift of the onset of denaturation to a 4-5°C higher value.

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In order to successfully manage the new Japanese Disease Management program, so called "Health checkups and healthcare advice with a particular focus on the metabolic syndrome program", it is essential to implement PDCA cycle into the system. This requires measurement for evaluation. According to our hearing of the eight advanced health insurance societies and two health support service providers, efficiency and continuity seem two key indices for a successful program. Most of the companies and municipal governments seem to pay little attention to these aspects, because of lack of PDCA cycle. It is indispensable to develop sets of indicators to evaluate efficiency and continuity in order to continuously improve the quality of health support activities.

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A system code for designing helical fusion reactors have been developed. A radial build of a helical reactor is considered in the code, and three-dimensional effect of each type helical reactors is reflected by including detail analysis result of them in other study. Sensitivity analysis have held by using the code so as to clarify the physics and engineering issues needed to be solved to design high performance helical fusion reactor. Here we tried to design two types of helical reactors; i.e., an ignition machine and a commercial reactor. If we design an ignition machine with a major radius of 8˜10 m, the improvement of the energy confinement factor of =2.5˜3 might be required. In the commercial helical reactor a high-density/low-temperature operation regime (e.g., n_e˜6×10²⁰m^-3,T_e=8keV)is feasible by improving confinement (=2)and by increasing maximum magnetic field strength (B_max=20T), while it is not accessible in tokamak reactors due to the limitations of the Greenwald density and the current drive power.

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高速サウンディング試験機は、従来のサウンディングでは調査不能な岩塊盛土などの調査を効率的に行うために開発した調査機器である。従来から岩塊盛土、砂礫地盤、埋没谷での杭長決定調査、人工島での連続壁根入れ深度調査などへ適用し、有効性が確認されている。ここでは、操作性の向上やデータ処理の効率化のための改良内容と、今後の地盤評価への適用性、および展望を示す。

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When tapping carbon steel with a straight fluted taper pipe tap for NPT threads, the cutting section is often prone to fracture on the thread part because of the increase in chip thickness, which causes the chip to jam as the tapping process proceeds. When tapping carbon steel with a high speed steel tap ( tap), this adversely affects the tapping operation due to the low cutting speed. Increasing the cutting speed is effective to ensure a highly efficient tapping operation.
In this study, a tapping test was conducted on a Cr-Mo steel SCM435 using various kinds of surface treated tap, namely untreated taps ( tap), oxide treated taps, TiN coated taps, TiCN coated taps and AlCrN coated taps, to determine the effective tool material for high efficiency tapping. The main results obtained are as follows: (1) The higher cutting speed was determined to be effective in preventing fracture of the cutting part on the thread part of the tap because the chip formed both a slimmer and spiral shape when tapping at high cutting speed. (2) The AlCrN coated tap showed the best wear resistance. (3) The AlCrN film had both a lower friction coefficient and higher hardness compared with the TiN or TiCN film.

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Instrumentation, data processing and preliminary results of EXOS-B VLF wave receiver are presented. The VLF receiver is connected, by command, either to a long dipole antenna or to a loop antenna, and observes both electromagnetic and electrostatic waves in a frequency range between 150Hz and 9.5kHz. Up to the present time after the launch, various VLF phenomena including whistler echo trains, whistler triggered emissions, , chorus, and possible power line harmonic radiation have been observed. In addition to these natural phenomena, artificial VLF waves excited by electron beam injection have also been observed.

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