Background: Medication errors remain one of the most preventable clinical errors that can lead to patient harm. An increasing number of reports suggest that these errors can be minimized when health professionals work collaboratively and utilize the skill sets of each team member to patient care. As a result, interprofessional activities have been added into the curricula for medical, nursing, dental and pharmacy schools. However, this presents a challenge for the Texas A & M University (TAMU) College of Dentistry which is not physically close to other health profession programs within the TAMU system. To address this problem, resident pharmacists from the Baylor Scott and White Community Care Clinics were invited to present the legal and practical aspects of prescription writing to second-year dental students. The purpose of this study was to assess student attitudes regarding this interprofessional encounter.

Methods: Two first-year pharmacy residents presented information on state and federal drug laws. In addition, students received instruction and practice on accurate prescription writing. Dental students were given this survey before and after the pharmacy resident presentations. One hundred second-year dental students were enrolled in a dental pharmacology course of which 68 students completed a survey at two time points. Survey questions were divided into three categories: student attitudes concerning the information presented, the value of interprofessional patient care and the role of pharmacists as health care providers. Descriptive statistics were computed to provide a summary of the responses.

Results: The majority of the students surveyed (96%) agreed that the sessions provided relevant knowledge for their practice of dentistry and that presentations from other health professionals were valuable (95%). After the presentations, there number of students who recognized that pharmacists have multiple roles in patient care increased by forty-five percent (45%).

Conclusion: In addition to learning about prescription writing, exposure to pharmacy health professionals in a dental training program appeared to lead to a greater appreciation of the roles, responsibilities and contributions of the pharmacist as a member of the health care team. These encounters may increase the likelihood of dental students engaging pharmacists during their training and after graduation.

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Purpose: To characterize the effect of two processing techniques (pressing and CAD/CAM — Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Machining) of lithium-disilicate (LD) based crowns on the microstructure, topography, roughness, fractal dimension, internal and marginal adaptation.

Methods: One-hundred identical preparations for monolithic crowns were made with dentin analogue material (G10 epoxy resin). One of the preparations was scanned and a monolithic crown in lithiumdisilicate was planned in the CAD system. Fifty crowns were milled in a wax pattern and subjected to pressing (IPS e.max Press), while 50 crowns were machined at CAD/CAM (IPS e.max CAD) and posteriorly crystallized. Internal and marginal adaptation were assessed via replica technique at four manufacturing moments (Milled wax pattern; LD^PRESS; Milled LD^CAD; Crystallized LD^CAD) and considering 5 regions (margin, cervico-axial angle, axial wall, axial-occlusal angle and occlusal wall). Complementary analysis considering microstructure and topography, roughness and fractal dimension were performed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

Results: The processing technique resulted in different ceramic microstructure, topography, roughness and fractal dimension, whereas CAD/CAM lead to smoother, more homogeneous but more complex topography features (higher fractal dimension) in comparison to the pressing technique (P < 0.05). Regarding marginal and internal fit, LD^PRESS crowns showed to be more adapted at the margin, while LD^CAD were more adapted at the occluso-axial angle; other regions were not statistically different (α = 0.05).

Conclusions: CAD/CAM and the pressing techniques for manufacturing LD crowns lead to completely different ceramic surface characteristics and affect crown adaptation at the margin and at occluso-axial angle.

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Health effects due to vehicle exhaust pollutant become a concern in Indonesia where many residential building located near the major roads in urban area. Previous researches that conducted in urban area in Bandung, Indonesia, found the average indoor to outdoor ratio (I/O) value of NO2 pollutant of 0.90 indicated that indoor air quality in residential adjacent to road might be strongly influenced by outdoor air pollution. In order to measure the heath impact, it is necessary therefore to know the level of pollutant concentration inside the house. This study aims to develop model for predicting indoor air quality using outdoor air quality data. The measured NO2 concentrations were mapped with appropriate spatial interpolation technique and analyzed by statistical method. The model resulted in this study is indoor=0.857*outdoor+0.126,with uncertainty of 33.3%.

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In many of the least developed countries, working people are significantly exposed to a number of occupational problems that may result in a deterioration of their health, safety and well being. These work-related problems are untenable, not only because of the occupational problems itself but also because of the simultaneous exposure to heat, dusts, noise, organo-chemicals, and biological and environmental pollution. This situation has existed for a long time due to various socio economic, geographical, cultural and local factors. The deteriorating situation of health and safety in the workplace may perhaps exist due to the inadequate resource facilities, economic constraints and lack of opportunity to conduct research and studies on the assessment of exposure-diseases associations. Officials, who are employed by the state, are not able to implement work regulations and labour legislation easily. Generally, they are not professionally trained and expert in the occupational health, industrial hygiene and/or safety fields, and thus, successful application and implementation of control measures are lacking. Steps to control work exposure limits have been ineffective, since national policies have been rare, owing to the multiple obstacles in preventing occupational problems. However, the major focus is on practical solutions to differing workers' needs, consideration of which is very important, depending on the what the industrial entrepreneurs could reasonably to be expected to afford. Why there is a lack of motivation and effort regarding the development of health and safety-this paper explores some important issues, aiming to focus public attention on the legacy of national and international efforts. Examples are likewise given to show the real situation of health and safety in the least developed countries.
J Epidemiol, 2001 ; 11 : 74-80

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1990年代初頭より,海外に職を求める日本人女性が急増し,香港とシンガポールには多くの日本人女性が押し寄せた。最盛期には,シンガポールで働く日本人女性は約1,000人,香港では約2,000人,中国・ベトナム・タイ・マレーシアでは,その数は数百人にまで達したと推測されている。この現象は,「日本人女性のアジア進出ブーム」と呼ばれ,日本の雑誌やテレビ,ニュースなどで大きく取り上げられた。海外で働く日本人女性が増えた要因としては,日系企業のアジア進出が以前にも増して活発化したこと,求人・求職にインターネットが活用されるようになったこと,アメリカ,イギリス,オーストラリアなど,アジア以外の地域で日本人女性の就業ビザ取得が難しくなったことなどにある。しかし,日本のメディアで,このブームが大きく取り上げられたにもかかわらず,この現象は,アカデミック研究では,ほとんど注目されていなかった。例えば,仕事のためにアジアに移住した日本人女性の経験や願望を記録したエスノグラフィーは,今までのところみられない。本研究は,海外で働く日本人女性が増えた要因を解明するために,シンガポールで働く日本人女性の事例を紹介することによって,こうした空白を埋めようとすることを目的としている。この問題に関して,これまで筆者が発表してきた研究成果に基づいて,アジアで働こうとする意思決定の背後にある個人的・職業的な動機を明らかにするために,「自分の空間」という語を概念枠として導入した。「自分の空間」とは,現代の日本における女性役割の二つのタイプ-専業主婦つまり家庭にいる母親と,男性優位の企業組織の中にいる「キャリアウーマン」-とは別の,新しく登場しつつある望ましいライフスタイルであると考えている。アジアで働く女性は,自分のライフスタイルが,従来の二種類の女性が得てきた経済的安定性を保証するものであるのと同時に,自分の望まない結婚をしたり,「サラリーマン・スタイル」の労働文化に従ったりといった犠牲を払わなくてすむものであると考えている。「動機」とは,文字通り,内的要因によるものであり,外的要因によるものではない。それゆえに,本研究では,海外で働く日本人女性の増大が増えた要因を,企業の国際化や地域における労働力需給といった外的要因以外のものに求めることによって,仕事や結婚,ライフコースに対する女性の考え方における変化が重要な要因であることを示すことを目的としている。

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Development and spread of chloroquine (CQ) resistance led to its withdrawal in most malaria endemic countries. In Kenya, this occurred in 1998 when clinical efficacy dropped below 50%. Less than a decade after CQ was removed from routine use in Malawi, the drug has reversed to activity and is again effective for first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria. There is a probability of a similar reversed activity in Kenya for more 10 years of its absence in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria treatment. The present study was aimed at establishing the CQ resistance status in the country, 10 years after its withdrawal, by looking at high malaria transmission zone, Mbita, a malaria endemic area and some malaria epidemic areas of the Kenyan highlands. The prevalence of T76 and Y86 P. falciparum molecular markers for CQ resistance in Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 genes were investigated by PCR-RFLP and dot blot analysis in 64 samples collected in March to May 2007 in the endemic area and 38 samples collected in April to July the same year in the epidemics. The study shows that 67.3% of field isolates from the endemic site still harbor Y86 mutation in Pfmdr1 while 32.7% have the wild type allele N86 compared to the 94% and 6 % prevalence observed in Mwea, an endemic area, in 2004 (χ ² =10.08, P=0.00015, 95% CI=2.085-27.8). In the epidemics 75% of field isolates from the epidemic sites still harbor Y86 mutation in Pfmdr1 while 25% have the wild type allele N86 compared to the 91.6% and 8.4% prevalence observed in an epidemic area in 1997 (χ ² =1.585, P=0.208, 95% CI=0.701-19.176). From the study there is a significant change in the proportions of the resistant genotypes in the endemic areas while in the epidemics, there was also a noticeable shift though not significant. This therefore indicates a slow but steady re-emergence of P. falciparum CQ sensitive strains in the country. Though does not warrant the reintroduction of CQ for malaria treatment.

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This research focuses on evaluating the shape of a tree's crown and its impact on CO₂ dispersion from transportation. CO₂ emissions from motor vehicles can quickly spread and cause poor air quality on the roadside. The design of tree planting is a way to control air quality by reducing CO₂ dispersion. Therefore, the tree's crown shape is an essential element to consider when planting trees, as different crown shapes can have different effects on CO₂ dispersion. Selecting the wrong shape for a tree's crown can have negative consequences for controlling CO₂ dispersion on the roadside.

To evaluate the impact of different tree crown shapes, this research examines five common shapes found in Surabaya city: round, umbrella, oval, conical, and columnar. The study area is created in 3D modelling using Sim Studio tools software. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is then used to simulate the spread of CO₂ emissions on the roadside. The simulation involves four scenarios that consider CO₂ dispersion in 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° wind direction. The last step of this research involves validating the data using correlation analysis.

The results demonstrate that the shape of a tree's crown has a significant impact on CO₂ dispersion. The oval, conical, and columnar shapes are the most suitable for planting along the roadside because they can effectively reduce the dispersion of CO₂ emissions. In contrast, the round and umbrella shapes have the highest CO₂ distribution and are unsuitable for planting along the roadside.

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本論文では、地区レベルのデータを利用して空間計量経済分析を行い、コンゴ民主共和国における新型コロナウイルスの感染拡大の状況を検討した。その結果、キンシャサから始まった感染拡大が近隣の地区に波及したこと、また、上カタンガ州や南キヴ州といった国境に接する州も感染拡大の中心地であったことが明らかになった。さらに、エボラ出血熱やコレラ、その他の感染症の感染者が多い地区や、紛争が多発する地区では新型コロナウイルスの感染者が多いことが分かった。気温、標高、風速などの気候条件も感染と関連していた。これらの結果から、過去の感染爆発の経験を活かすことができていれば、コンゴ民主共和国は新型コロナウイルスの流行を現状よりも抑えることができたと思われる。（訳：福西隆弘）

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In the past decades, omics data including genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes of several tick species of medical and veterinary importance have become available as web-based resources. In addition, laboratory colonies and tick cell lines have been established and are now essential tools for the advancement of tick research. Unfortunately, currently, such databases and the biobank of the ticks distributed in Japan are insufficient. To date, available data are from Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901, one of major hard tick species in Japan and a vector of various microorganisms that are harmful to human and animals. H. longicornis has been used as an “experimental model of hard tick” for biological and physiological studies and for validation of effectiveness of insecticides or acaricides in research institutions. The parthenogenetic tick is used as research material because it can be stably supplied. This mini-review provides a concise overview of recent advances of omics approaches in tick research. The importance of laboratory colonies of ticks and the prospect of tick research in Japan are also discussed.

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Malaria is a protozoan disease transmitted by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Among five species that can infect humans, Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the most severe human malaria. Resistance of P. falciparum to chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, conventionally used antimalarial drugs, is already widely distributed in many endemic areas. As a result, artemisinin-based combination therapies have been rapidly and widely adopted as first-line antimalarial treatments since the mid-2000s. Recent population and evolutionary genetic analyses have proven that the geographic origins of parasite lineages resistant to the conventional drugs are considerably limited. Almost all resistance emerged from either Southeast Asia or South America. The Greater Mekong subregion in Southeast Asia is probably the most alarming source of resistance, from which P. falciparum resistant to chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine dispersed to Africa. The emergence of artemisinin resistance has also recently been confirmed in the Greater Mekong. The WHO Global Malaria Programme has recently launched a “Global Plan for Artemisinin Resistance Containment,” which aims to prevent the spread of artemisinin resistance while also stopping the emergence of novel resistance. However, an inadequate understanding of a mechanism of artemisinin resistance and the lack of reliable genetic markers to monitor artemisinin resistance make it difficult to survey the spread of resistance. Elucidation of such markers would substantially contribute to the design of an effective policy for the containment of artemisinin resistance.

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 本論文の目的は、1920年代の第一波フェミニズム運動と1960年代の第二波フェミニズム運動の間に、女性の社会進出に対する人々の意識やジェンダー観を変えた、小さな社会変革があったことを示すことである。また、本稿では、第一波と第二波フェミニズム運動という見方あるいは歴史的括りが、より顕著な社会改善にもつながった重要な史実を覆い隠している可能性があることを３つのケースを取り上げて検証した。特に、アメリカン・コミックのワンダーウーマンの創作背景、FCCにおけるフリーダ・ヘノックの仕事、および1940年代から50年代にかけて起きた大衆文化や消費者文化を巻き込んだマッカーデルの服飾デザインの、３つのサンプルケースを用いて実証した。これらの事例を振り返ってみると、第一波や第二波の間に起きていた小さな変革がフェミニズム運動の一端を担っていた。ワンダーウーマンの歴史背景やフリーダ・ヘノックの市民活動、マッカーデルの事例などは、フェミニストやマイノリティの活動と直接結びつくことは難しいかもしれない。なぜなら、これらの事例は、大きな変化をもたらしたり、他の非政治的な手段で人権を獲得したりするような政治的な運動に直接関係するものではなかったからである。しかしながら、これらの事例とその歴史を俯瞰すると、これらの事例は、大衆文化や消費者文化に影響を与えた、ローカルあるいは専門的な領域で活動している個人による小さな社会運動であったことが明らかとなる。

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This paper offers an ecocritical reading of Don DeLillo's Underworld (1997), especially focusing on its particular treatment of waste. The novel presents how waste overflows the world today and how it influences the manners people interact with the environment they are embedded in. The early part of this fiction, which is set in the last two decades of the 20^<th> century, can be situated in the historical context of the impending garbage crisis, or garage apocalypse, which threatened America approaching the new millennium. However, the novel is more than just a portrait of the civilization characterized by excessive production of waste and a lack of capacity for its containment. It offers a very unique theorization of human society which defines itself by excluding waste. The way waste is relegated to the status of the unthinkable when it is eliminated from the place it originates is explored in the novel. The novel should be read as an attempt to bring the forgotten waste into the text. It thereby lets waste affect the thoughts of its readers, altering the ways they customarily perceive the modern environment. This paper also focuses on "recycle" which is practiced by Klara Sax, a junk artist in the novel who paints discarded B-52s and recreates them into an artwork. Some ecocritics observe that her artistic recycle exemplifies an effective means of salvation of waste and resistance against the system that produces it. However, this paper questions the validity of their opinion, suggesting that Underworld focuses more on a kind of waste which even the quasi-redemptive practice of "recycle" can never reprocess. The novel should rather be interpreted as skeptical, if not critical, about the wishful thought that the act of recreating waste can solve the problems resulting from it.

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Chloroquine (CQ), a well-known anti-malarial drug, has long been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases because of its profound immunomodulatory effects. However, whether this drug modifies anti-malaria immune response is still not clear. Here we studied the immunomodulatory role of CQ in a mouse model of malaria. DBA/2 mice were infected with Plasmodium yoelii (Py) parasite (intraperitoneal injection of parasitized erythrocytes) and divided into three groups. Two groups received single dose of CQ (gavage administration) at 6 hours after Py infection (post-6h) and 3 days after Py infection (post-3d), respectively. The third group received saline as control. The course of disease was monitored and the changes of immune response were investigated. It is shown that mice from the post-6h group took longer time to clear the parasites compared with those of the post-3d group. The activation of T helper cells, macrophages, and B cells was significantly suppressed in mice with post-6h CQ treatment as compared with control mice on day 3 and day 5 after infection. In contrast, no such changes were found in mice from the post-3d group. Dendritic cells (DCs) from the post-6h CQ treated mice were less mature as compared with those from control mice as well as those from the post-3d group. Taken together, our data suggest that treatment with CQ early in infection inhibits protective immune response against Py infection possibly via mechanisms involving the modulation of DC’s function. Our finding provided important information for reasonable use of CQ in malaria chemotherapy.

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Kikuyu constructed their round huts by themselves with various building rites which present their traditional world. They had to construct the huts, with the aid of their neighbours and relatives, only in one day, thereafter they celebrated the finish of construction together. Such Kikuyu's building of their huts and homesteads, as the rebirth of their world, reflected both their real time, "Sasa" and mythical time, "Zamani", in Swahili. Though these two times represent their ancestor's spirit "Ngoma" and the Supreme "Ngai" each other, the "Building" itself integrates both of them in relation to the "Dwelling" and illuminates our architecturo-logical problems.

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