Franz Hilgendorf (1839-1904)'s palaeontological studies on the Miocene planorbid snails of the Steinheim basin (Germany) frame his scientific work from his dissertation in 1863 to his last publication on this subject in 1901. Hilgendorf discovered that the different planorbids are not mixed in each layer, and noticed gradual transitions between different morphs of successive layers. These findings led to his hypothesis of species transmutation illustrated by his planorbid tree. This was the first phylogenetic tree reconstructed on the basis of real fossil evidence, and therewith it was the first palaeontological example of Darwin's Theory of Transmutation. Although Hilgendorf did not refer to Darwin emphatically, he can be called the first one who introduced Darwin's Theory of Transmutation into palaeontology.

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70歳代男性．びまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫の既往あり，11年間無治療で寛解維持していた．今回direct-acting antiviralsによるC型肝炎治療を行い，SVRを達成．投与終了直後にsIL-2R上昇，腹腔内リンパ節腫脹を認めた．生検でリンパ腫の再発と診断し，急速な進行を認め死亡に至った．Direct-acting antivirals治療後のリンパ腫再発を考える上で重要な症例と考える．

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NOAA AVHRR images of the Kuroshio off Honshuu were analyzed by a personal computer system. After the introduction of the system configuration, the method of estimating surface current velocities of the Kuroshio based on a single NOAA AVHRR image was developed and verified by the shipacquired surface current velocities during the period from 1986 to 1987. Although influenced seasonally and spatially, the method demonstrated the fairly good agreement between the estimated and the observed current velocities along the northern edge of the Kuroshio within the rms errors of about 0.5 knot for the maximum current speed of 3 to 4 knots and of about 14 degrees in current direction. Aiming for the integration of satellite remote sensing with geographic -information system, we also presented the integrated analysis of the AVHRR image with sea surface topography expressed as the geopotential anomaly data. By analyzing three dimensional data, that is, the sea surface temperature as two dimensions plus the sea surface topography as one dimension, we made it clear that the region of the highest temperature gradient corresponded well with the region of the highest surface gradient along the northern edge of the Kuroshio. In average off Toukai, one degree temperature difference equals about one geopotential anomaly difference, which turns out to be about 0.4 knot of geostrophic velocity. In order to strengthen both technologies of satellite remote sensing and geographic information system, more integration will be needed.

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「人間中心主義から生命中心主義へ」というスローガンが、動物解放論をはじめ、生命平等論、生態系中心主義などの環境思想・環境倫理の領野からの提言として言われてきた。しかし、「人間を中心におく」という人間の主体的表現を現代の私たちは本当に放棄しなければならないのだろうか。人間であることは本当に重要ではないのだろうか。本稿は本来の「人間中心主義」を復権すべく「人間であることの重要性」を確認しようとしている。まず最初に哲学的人間学の試みを検証する。彼らは、伝統的人間観を変質させようとした当時の自然科学的知見に対して、危機感をもちながらも人間の位置付けを新たに試みざるを得なかった。彼らの置かれていた状況は、科学技術がもたらした環境問題の深刻さによって再び人間の位置付けが間われている現代の状況とあまりにも類似している。次に人間中心主義の復権の可能性の手がかりとしてR.ノージックの議論を確認する。彼の議論は「帰属性」と「卓越性」という極めて共有しやすい事実を起点にしている。それだけにいっそう説得力に富む提案となっている。

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『コスモス』において具体的に論じられた「地球の物理学」という自然地理学思想を対象とし,その形成過程,コスモス論および「自然画」との関係を取り上げる中で,Humboldtが主張する自然地理学の本質とその思想的背景を考察した.その結果,Humboldtの自然地理学の本質は,ニュートン主義の物質理論を基盤とした空間内の自然諸現象の力動論的考察にあることが明らかとなった。Humboldtの自然地理学は,基本力(引力・斥力)を持つ物質微粒子(原子)の運動を前提とし,空間内に共存する自然諸現象を物質のレベルでとらえ,数量化に基づきながら自然諸力(重力・熱・光・電気・磁気・化学親和力)の作用に還元するという力動的機械論の地理学であった.Humboldtが主張する力動論の地理学思想の背景には,宇宙はすべて力学の諸法則に従って運動する物質から成り,自然界のすべての結果は物質上の原因によるというニュートン力学影響下の物理学思想が存在している.

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Humans must resign themselves to the inevitable biological decline in their physical performance. How to deal with aging is a timeless problem for all humanity. Research adopting a natural scientific approach has focused on the problems associated with aging, especially in the realm of physical activity and the health of the elderly. On the other hand, deterioration of physical performance as a result of aging varies considerably among individuals. The present paper focuses on this problem by considering the meaning of physical aging from a philosophical viewpoint. Philosophy is based on philosophical anthropology and the existential viewpoint. This paper examines (1) Cicero's thoughts on aging, (2) the life-span developmental theory in an attempt to find a method for defining aging, and (3) the problem of freedom, in which the human body is regarded as an existential being. The main areas of discourse in this paper are as follows. 1. Cicero proposes a physiological rationale for aging, which is a natural process in humans. However, Milo focuses on the existential problem. 2. There are limitations to the life-span developmental theory. 3. The main limitation is a dimension of existence whereby our bodily freedom is lost as a direct result of aging, and the body exists as a subjective extension. Bodily freedom does not mean that our mind runs away from lost bodily ability. It means that our body as a subjective extension constitutes a new world. It is concluded that the problem of bodily freedom needs to be considered when addressing the issue of aging besides the field of natural science.

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