It is required to reduce both the friction and lubricant oil consumption (

) in order to reduce CO₂. In addition, as the requirement to reduce particle number(PN) may be realized by reducing , the relationship between and PN should be examined. Elucidation of the mechanism of is a basic and applied field and a common subject, however, only the is measured by the weight method etc. and the mechanism is not clarified so far. Thereby, the relationship between and PN was measured in a wide operation area in a production engine in this study.

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It is required to reduce both the friction and lubricant oil consumption (

) in order to reduce CO₂ in internal combustion engines. In addition, as the requirement to reduce particulate number (PN) may be realized by reducing , the relationship between and PN should be examined. Elucidation of the mechanism of belongs to a basic and applied field and a common subject, however, only the is measured by the weight method in steady conditions and the mechanism is not clarified so far. Thereby, the relationship between and PN was measured in a wide operation area including transient conditions using a production engine in this study.

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The effect of sample thickness on its limiting oxygen concentration (

) was investigated for poly-methyl methacrylate and poly-carbonate with different thickness. For both materials, the was different according to the thickness in microgravity regime although the sample was thin enough to be regarded as thermally-thin. This result implied that there was some heat conduction into the sample although the sample was thin. On the other hand, the of PMMA was almost the same in kinetic regime for each thickness whereas the of PC was different in kinetic regime; the thicker the sample was, the larger the was. It was thought that the difference was resulted from the difference of their pyrolysis temperature.

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Cervical cancer remains one of the most common causes of gynecological cancer-associated death. Long non-coding RNA

554202 (lncRNA 554202) has been reported to be involved in the development of several types of cancer. However, the role of 554202 in cervical cancer remains unclear. In this study, we measured the expression levels of 554202 in cervical cancer tissues from 120 patients. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed the expression levels of 554202 were significantly higher in cervical cancer tissues compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues. Elevated expression levels of 554202 were significantly associated with tumor size (p = 0.006), FIGO stage (p = 0.015), HPV (p = 0.001), and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis clearly illustrated that patients with high expression levels of 554202 had a lower overall survival rate compared to patients with lower expression (p = 0.0013). Furthermore, we show that 554202 is an independent poor prognostic factor through multivariate analysis. Subsequently, using cervical cancer cell lines, HeLa and ME-180, we decreased the expression levels of 554202 with siRNA. As results, the proliferation ability of cervical cancer cells was inhibited and apoptosis was induced after 554202 knockdown, as judged by viability assay, colony formation, and flow cytometry. Moreover, knockdown of 554202 expression down-regulated Bcl-2 expression and conversely up-regulated Bax expression in cervical cancer cells using Western blotting analysis. In conclusion, elevated levels of 554202 are predictive of poor prognosis in cervical cancer. We suggest that 554202 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer.

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The Amaze Oil Field is situated in Izumozaki-mati, Niigata-ken and eight samples collected therefrom constitute the material of this research., More precisely, three of them were collected from the Haizume-Formation, one from the Nisiyama Formation, three from the Siiya Formation, and one from the Teradomari Formation., Fig., 1 shows these fossil localities., The significant Foraminiferas of the faunas contained are listed in Table 2., Haizume Formation: ., 55 and ., 57 are situated nearly in the same horizon., ., 58 is somewhat upper in horizon than the former two localities., The leading members of the Foraminiferan fauna from ., 55 and ., 57 are Textularia sagittula, Quinqueloculina vulglaris, Cassidulina japonica, Globigerina bulloides and Cibicides lobatulus, Cibicides refulgens is predominant in ., 58, but Cassidulina japonica is not found in it., The Foraminiferan fauna from ., 55 and, ., 57 reveals a close affinity with that of Kutta which YABE and HANZAWA reported in 1923., Here I suggest the Kutta assemblage to designate this fauna in the Amaze and the Nisiyama Oil Fields., Nisiyama Formation: Only one sample was collected, and the Foraminiferan fauna is very small in the number of species and individuals., Siiya Formation : Three samples were at hand., Haplophragmoides subgrobosum and Goesella sp., 1 are dominant in the one from ., 66 and a few species of Nonionides, Buliminidae and Rotaliidae are contained in the two others, but the predominant species in the Haizume Formation can not be found in this., Teradomari Formation : Cyclamina pauciloculata is common., In order to show the relative abundance of different families in the three localities, ., 58, ., 55 and ., 57, in the Haizume Formation, a value is arbitrarily assigned to each letter in the cheek list : R=1, C=10, A=20., Table 3 shows the number of abundance for each family based on these approximate figures and the percentage of abundance for each family in the three localities when the total number of abundance in ., 57 was taken as 100., Fig., 2A is a graphic interpretation of this table., Fig., 2B shows the relationship of the families in twelve localities in the Higasiyama and Araya Formations of the Higasiyama Oil Field.,

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Gravity-induced loss of consciousness (G-) is a major threat to fighter pilots and may result in fatal accidents. High +Gz (head-to-foot direction) acceleration force induces cerebral blood loss and results in gray-out, black out, and G-. Countermeasures to avoid G- include anti-G strain maneuver, anti-G suits, and pressure breathing for G, etc. They effectively decrease G- incident, but have not eradicated it. Objective detection of G- related symptoms is the prerequisite. In spite of many G-protective measures, G- monitoring system has yet to be developed. Technologies for non-contact monitoring or motion capture have ventured into health care market. Real time physiological sensing for heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate, etc, is used to medical, health care, physical fitness and sports area. Those advanced technologies might have potential for future G- monitoring. This article reviews current status and future of countermeasures for G-, and related technologies.

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There exists large scale ground ice, which locally called “Edoma”, in plains along the Arctic coasts of eastern Siberia and the New Siberian Islands. The Edoma is mainly composed of massive ground ice with pillar-shaped frozen soil. The massive ice is considered as syngenetic ice-wedge origin, which develops alternative accumulations of ice-wedge and sedimentation on ground surface. The soil pillars are arranged in regular intervals of several meters in the massive ice, and contain a lot of ice lenses and several peat layers.
A geological and geochemical survey was carried out in the Bykovsky Peninsula near the Lena Delta (. 1), Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, the southern part of the New Siberian Islands (. 2) and Oiyagosky Yar facing the Arctic Sea in middle of eastern Siberia (. 3). Results of grain size analysis and determinations of radiocarbon datings of the Edoma in these surveyed sites were summarized as follows :
1) Sediments of the Edoma in . 1 are composed of dark gray silt to fine sand with a lot of organic matters. Compositional ratio of grain size varies vertically, and is characterized by bimodality in the grain size distribution. This suggests that the sediments were formed under two different transportation agents. Sediments of the Edoma both at . 2 and . 3 characterized by dark gray to brown silt, and also contains abundant organic matter. Grain-size distribution of these sediments is similar to the finer population in . 1. Judging from the characteristics of grain size distribution, these sediments are considered as aeolian deposits.
2) Radiocarbon ages at . 1 scatter within a range from about 30, 000 to 20, 000 yr BP in upper part and about 11, 000 yr BP in uppermost. The ages at . 2 are resulted in about 30, 000 to 40, 000 yr BP in case of the most parts and about 7, 000 yr BP at uppermost part in permafrost just under the active layer. At . 3, most of the ages of the Edoma are determined over 40, 000 yr BP and that of uppermost is determined as about 22, 000 yr BP.
Based on the results of radiocarbon dating mentioned above, it is suggested that the Edoma in eastern Siberia might have formed during Karginkiy Interstadial to Sartan Stadial in the Last Glacial stage, and especially main parts of the Edoma developed during Karginkiy Interstadial, in which period climate was more unstable than Sartan Stadial. Grain size distribution of sediments also suggest that the Edoma have accumulated under the sedimental condition at water flood plain or marsh, which were favorable locations to growth of syngenetic ice wedge as well as loess accumulation. Supply of sediments in . 1 may have been stable because the main transport of sediments have been performed by fluvial activities of the Lena River and the wind action. On the other hand, since the sediments in . 2 and . 3 is probably derived from aeolian loess, the amounts of supplied sediments might have been less than . 1. Therefore, flux of sedimentation, forming the Edoma in . 1 maintained longer than those at . 2 and . 3.

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Flammability of carbonate esters, organic solvents often used in Lithium-Ion Battery (LIB), are investigated by using wick-

method. The wick- method is a newly developed approach suitable for liquid fuel flammability quantification, which includes wick combustion system and controlling system of the oxygen-nitrogen ratio of external flow. After ignition is attained at the tip of wick soaked with target liquid fuel oxygen concentration in the external flow is gradually decreased up to extinction happens. The limiting oxygen concentration () to sustain the wick flame is defined as wick- as an indicator of liquid fuel flammability in this work. The wick- of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is around 15.9% at 10cm/s of external flow velocity and it increases with increase in the external flow velocity. The wick- of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) is 1% less than that of DMC. The mixture of EMC and cyclic carbonate ester shows linear change in wick- proportional to the mixing ratio. The addition of organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) as fire retardants results in significant increase in wick- and it is more effective in the range of low OPCs addition. The results of this work provide useful information for the improvement of LIB fire safety.

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The present study was to examine the relationships between motives for prosocial behaviors and internal-external locus of controls. Rotter's Internal-External scale was administered to 269 male and female university students. A factor analysis of 23 items indicated there were different aspects of internal-external locus of control, and two subscales ( I and II) were constructed. Subjects, male and female students, were divided into Internals and Externals based on their subscale scores below or above the median of 190. They were then asked to rate the likelihood of 25 different helping motives as a cause of different 7 prosocial behaviors. Major findings obtained were as follows:(1) Internals of both I and II tended to attribute the prosocial behaviors to higher motives than Externals did, though the pattern of relationships was different between I and II.(2) The pattern of relationships varied according to types of prosocial behaviors and sex. The result suggests that the pattern of effects of internalexternal locus of controls on the motivational process in prosocial behavior depends on the situation.

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High +Gz (head-to-foot direction) acceleration force induces cerebral blood loss and results in loss of peripheral vision, loss of central vision (black out), and Gravity-induced loss of consciousness (G-). G- is a major threat to fighter pilots and may result in fatal accidents. The brain has some ability to tolerate transient ischemia and to prevent loss of consciousness during high +Gz exposure. This has been named as the functional buffer period. The functional buffer period is approximately 4-5 seconds against any +Gz exposure. The purpose of the present study is to measure trainees’ cerebral oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration in the functional buffer period that was the period of five seconds after the onset of high +Gz and identify the differences between trainees with G- and those without. We analyzed cerebral oxyHb concentration of 124 human centrifuge trainees who was trained during 2008 to 2012. The trainees were classified into G- and Non-G- group. Each group had same number of trainees in the following categories. A) 6G (1G/s, without anti-G suits): N=34 (N=17 in each group). B) 7G (1G/s, without anti-G suits): N=62 (N=31 in each group). C) 8G (6G/s, with anti-G suits): N=28 (N=14 in each group). We measured trainee’s cerebral oxyHb concentration using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (NIRO-150G, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan). The cerebral oxyHb concentration was measured before Gz load as the baseline, and during five seconds from the onset of high Gz. The sampling rate was set at 2Hz. A) 6G (1G/s, without anti-G suits): The cerebral oxyHb concentration were significantly lower in the G- group(－2.1±9.4) compared to the Non-G- group (4.5±9.4). B) 7G (1G/s, without anti-G suits): The cerebral oxyHb concentration was not significantly different between the groups. C) 8G (6G/s, with anti-G suits): The cerebral oxyHb concentration in the groups showed a significantly different time course. At 0 sec after the high Gz onset, the cerebral oxyHb were significantly higher in the G- group (18.6±12.1) compared to the Non-G- group (10.4±8.3). However, the G- group showed a sharp decrease until 4.5 seconds. In the future, it is necessary to find the specific trend of cerebral oxyHb concentration and prepare to prevent G-.

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ソフトウェア開発における規模見積りには,従来から(Line of Code)が利用されている.しかし,この方法は直接を見積もるため誤差が大きいと言われている.これを改善するための手法として,proxy(メソッド)を用いてを見積もるPROBE法が提案されている.本研究では,PSP演習における規模見積りにPROBE法を適用し,その見積り誤差を従来手法と比較して評価する.

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This study investigated the flammability of the fire-resistant material ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) as insulation for copper wires under different flow velocity and gravity conditions. The limiting oxygen concentration () of flame spreading horizontally over the sample was investigated at external opposed flow velocities ranging from 0 to 200 mm/s under normal gravity (1g0) and microgravity (μg0). The under μg0 showed a U-shape, which has been reported in previous studies. A minimum of approximately 26% was found at external flow velocities ranging 50–100 mm/s. An expanded heat balance model and radiation number for wire combustion (𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑,𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒) were proposed considering the heat conduction through the copper core, which is a notable feature of wire combustion. The U-shaped curve was qualitatively explained in the low flow velocity region by this model and in the high flow velocity region by the Damköhler number. We also compared the trend of ETFE with that of polyethylene (PE)-insulated wires reported in a previous study and demonstrated that the drop of in ETFE was much larger than that of PE when the gravitational condition was changed from 1g0 to μg0 (∆). This large difference was explained by two factors. First, the rate of change of flame temperature with an increasing oxygen concentration is small at high oxygen concentrations. Second, the increase in heat input through the copper core owing to gravity change was larger for ETFE than for PE because of the difference in the rate of change in flame length along the copper core.

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Gravity-induced loss of consciousness (G-

) is a major threat to fighter pilots and may result in fatal accidents. High +Gz (head-to-foot direction) acceleration force induces cerebral blood loss and results in loss of peripheral vision, loss of central vision (black out), and G-. We tried to establish a formula to predict G- using cerebral oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) value, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). We analyzed 249 human centrifuge trainees be measured cerebral oxyHb value during 2008 to 2012. Trainee was exposed to two centrifuge profiles. One is 4G–15s, 5G–10s, 6G–8s, and 7G–8s, without G-suits (60 s interval and onset rate of 1G/s). Other one is 8G-15s with onset rate of 6G/s, with G-suits. We measured trainee’s cerebral oxyHb value using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) (NIRO-150G, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan). The following parameters were analyzed. A) The baseline values as an average over 30 s before +Gz exposure. B) Maximum value of oxyHb during +Gz exposure. C) Minimum value of oxyHb during +Gz exposure. D) Rate of change from Maximum to Minimum value of oxyHb (rate of change). Statistical analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis to establish formula for predicting G-. The trainees’ age was 24.1 ±1.7 (S.D.) (range, 22～30) years old, height was 171.9±4.7 (159～187) cm, weight was 66.6±6.4 (50～88) kg and BMI was 22.5±1.8 (19.15～27.76). In 249 trainee, 34 (13.7 %) had G- and 215 (86.3 %) did not have G-. G- was significantly associated with BMI (odds rate, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57～0.98; p = 0.03.) and Rate of change of Maximum to Minimum value of oxyHb (odds rate, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.38～0.66; p < 0.01.) by Logistic regression analysis. The formula to predict G- is following: Log (P/1−P) = −0.2951 X (BMI) −0.6919 X (Rate of change) +2.9701. P represents percent probability of G-. (decision level: 0.15, sensitivity: 67.6%, specificity: 81.4%, accuracy: 79.5%) Our results suggest that BMI and Rate of change of cerebral oxyHb was predictive factors for G-. This investigation was performed with limited factors available. Further factors to enhance accuracy may be needed.

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平成2年7月から3年12月までの間に南西諸島の中10島約50地点85水域(ダム、池、水田、河川)の顕微鏡視的動物を検鏡し、現在までに以下の結果をえた。1)約250タクサの輪毛虫類の他、殼アメーバ類:約10属、太陽虫類:2属、繊毛虫類:約30属、ヒドロ虫類:1属、渦虫類:約3属、腹毛虫類:5属、ミジンコ類:約7属、コケムシ類:1属などを見出だすことができた、2)多くの属種において地域・季節的消長がみられた、3)他の生物地理区に主として出現しているような種も見出だされた、4)世界的珍奇種も若干検出された.

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For the solution of energy and environment, the reduction of the lubrication oil consumption () and the friction work at ring of the internal combustion engine is very important. In this paper, effect of the oil film thickness on was estimated by using an unsteady and one-dimensional thermal conduction equation. Also, the calculated result and the measured value for were compared. The evaporation oil was affected by oil film thickness. The evaporated oil on the liner wall changes more greatly during the combustion and expansion strokes. The evaporated oil per one cycle increases with increasing oil film thickness.

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Analysis of SNPs on the Z sex chromosome is thought to be a useful approach to estimate genetic diversity and genetic relationships in chicken populations. The objective of this research was to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic relationship of Indonesian native chicken populations. Here, we genotyped six unlinked SNP loci on the Z chromosome of 103 hens and 85 cocks from the four populations of Indonesian native chickens: Black Kedu (BK), Kedu (KD), Kampung (), and Arab (AR). Genetic diversity and matrix pairwise distance F_ST were computed for 23 BK, 116 , 20 AR, and 29 KD chickens. Average expected heterozygosity was greater in and KD than BK and AR. The lowest pairwise F_ST value was estimated at 0.028 (P<0.05) between and KD. In contrast, the pairwise F_ST value between BK and AR was larger (0.092) and was significant (P<0.05). These results suggested that and KD are related closely, whereas BK and AR are related more distantly.

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