自分自身が皮膚から放散する化学物質によって，周囲の他人に対してくしゃみ，鼻水，咳，目の痒みや充血などのアレルギー反応を引き起こさせる体質について，海外では（People Allergic to Me）と呼ばれ，一般にも少しずつ知られてきている。しかしながら，日本では殆ど一般に認知されておらず，学術論文誌上での報告も見当たらない。著者らはの男性患者（被験者）から相談を受け，聞き取り調査，皮膚ガス測定，着用した肌着からの揮発性化学物質測定，鼻腔内の微生物検査を実施した。その結果，被験者の皮膚ガスからトルエンやキシレンなどの化学物質が対照者と比べて多く検出された。また，被験者の皮膚から比較的高い放散量が認められたヘキサン，プロピオンアルデヒド，トルエンなどが着用後の肌着からも検出された。被験者の鼻腔内から分離された微生物の大半は皮膚の常在菌として知られている表皮ブドウ球菌（Staphylococcus epidermidis）であった。分離培地上でドブ臭い悪臭を放つ放線菌（Arthrobacter phenanthrenivorans）が分離されたことはと何か関連性があるかもしれない。また，浴室や洗面所の赤い水垢の起因真菌として知られている赤色酵母（Rhodotorula mucilaginosa）がヒトの鼻腔内から分離されたことは新たな知見である。この結果から，は被験者の思い込みのような精神的なものではなく，皮膚から放散される化学物質が関与する未解明の疾病の可能性が示唆された。

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A Langmuir method has been used to determine the vapor pressure and the heats of vaporization of strontium atoms from strontium oxide applied on tungsten and rhenium surfaces. The data obtained are log =5.064-2.071×10⁴/T and l^To=4.11±0.14eV for tungsten, and log =6.095-2.496×10⁴/T and l^To=4.95±0.14eV for rhenium, respectively. By measuring the ion current of ⁸⁸Sr⁺ with a mass spectrometer the values of the heats of vaporization of strontium ions have also been obtained as l^T+=7.07±0.08eV and l^T+=6.73±0.07eV for tungsten and rhenium, respectively, under the assumption that the ion vaporization processes may be described by the, Saha-Langmuir equation. The work functions of the surfaces applied with strontium oxide have been discussed.

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Autophagy and senescence play important roles in cellular homeostasis. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy positively or negatively affects cellular senescence. We cultured human keratinocytes (HaCaT) with or without etoposide (ETO) treatment to examine whether autophagy mediates induction of DNA damage response (DDR)-related cellular senescence. DDR-related cellular senescence was observed in 5.0-μM ETO-treated cells through increased expression of γH2AX, p53 binding protein1 (53BP1), and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), whereas no senescent changes were observed in 1.0-μM ETO-treated cells. Senescent cells also showed increased expression of activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling pathway-related factor, such as

, pp53, and p21. The 5.0-μM ETO-treated senescent cells showed downregulated expression of LC3 and Beclin-1, but expression of Rubicon, which is a negative regulator of autophagy, was upregulated even though no senescent-induced cells (1.0-μM treated cells) revealed increased expression of LC3 and Beclin-1. The 1.0-μM ETO-treated cells pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) showed increased expression of senescent markers and p21 as well as Rubicon. This study revealed that Rubicon-regulated autophagy mediates ETO-induced DDR-related cellular senescence through the activation of the ATM/p53/p21 signaling pathway. Impaired autophagy due to Rubicon overexpression accelerates induction of DDR-related cellular senescence.

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Werner syndrome (WS) is a premature aging syndrome caused by mutations of the WRN gene. Here, we demonstrate that a strain of WS fibroblast cells shows abnormal karyotypes characterized by several complex translocations and 50-fold more frequency of abnormal metaphases including dicentric chromosomes without fragments than normal cells when examined at a similar culture stage. Further, telomere fluorescence in situ hybridization indicates that the abnormal signals, extra telomere signal and loss of telomere signal, emerge two- to three-fold more frequently in WS cells than in normal cells. Taken together, these results indicate that chromosome instability including dysfunction of telomere maintenance is more prominent in WS cells than in normal cells. In addition, the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the G₁ phase, including those at telomeres, detected by phosphorylated ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) foci is accelerated in WS cells even at a low senescence level. The increased accumulation of DSBs in WS cells is reduced in the presence of anti-oxidative agents, suggesting that enhanced oxidative stress in WS cells is involved in accelerated accumulation of DSBs. These results indicate that WS cells are prone to accumulate DSBs spontaneously due to a defect of WRN, which leads to increased chromosome instability that could activate checkpoints, resulting in accelerated senescence.

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Hydraulic power take-off (PTO) system is the optional transmission for oscillating-bodies wave energy converters. This paper establishes the nonlinear dynamic model of typical hydraulic PTO system. Considering stiction, the Stribeck friction model and improved Wilson model are introduced to describe friction characteristics of hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic motor respectively. The pressure bound of high-pressure accumulator is also considered. Simulation of the dynamic model is done in MATLAB. Its results demonstrate that the hydraulic PTO system has Coulomb damping characteristic and that the high-pressure accumulator can stabilize pressure and flow. The tiny variation of piston velocity around zero is also displayed.

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In recent years, the number of cars and motorcycles has increased around the world and now reached more than a billion. The environmental pollution is caused by the traffic emissions, being critical problem. As one of the countermeasures, higher and higher level standards of emissions have been defined in developed countries. A catalytic converter is one of the most important parts of vehicles' emissions control system, its operating temperature being very high. Vehicles emit most of their pollution during the first a few minutes of engine operation before the catalytic converter has warmed up sufficiently to be effective. Therefore, this study focuses on heating the converter up to the operating temperature, using wave phenomena formed in the exhaust pipe. A real automotive exhaust pipe is modelled as a straight pipe with an obstacle having honeycomb structure, instead of the catalytic converter. A pulsating flow is generated in the pipe using a rotary valve of which opening area changes with time corresponding to that of the exhaust port in a real engine. The pressure histories along the pipe and the temperature in the obstacle are measured. Analyzing the measurement data, the formation of shock is found to play an important role in the temperature rise of the obstacle. Furthermore, the relation is discussed between the wave phenomena and the heat transfer to the obstacle.

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The integrated effects of photosynthesis-respiration and precipitation-dissolution of CaCO₃ on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater (PCO₂) by the carbonate-producing biological activities (e.g., coral reefs, coccolithophorids) have been extensively debated. Here we document PCO₂ values inside and outside the lagoon of Majuro Atoll. The PCO₂ was enhanced by 27 μatm on average within the atoll relative to ocean values. Alkalinity-total CO₂ relationship in the lagoonal water indicates that calcification plays a major role in the net carbon cycle in this reef system while rapid turnover of organic matter results in no significant net air-sea flux. The data show that atoll- and barrier-type of coral reefs potentially work as a source of CO₂.

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As indicated at the outset of this report, the critical nature of the clinical requirements when blood gas testing is indicated, coupled with the labile nature of the sample and rapidly changing patient conditions makes it imperative that the analyst be aware of more than just the analysis it self Knowledge by the analyst, of the physiology of blood gas, the interpretation of basic blood gas results, the effects of the changing patient environment and the manner in which the sample is treated in a few short minutes from collection to reporting are equally important if one is to assure timely and clinically meaningful results.

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When the temperature of automobile exhaust gas is low, the catalyst becomes inactive and this phenomenon is one of causes of environmental pollution. This study focuses on the pulsating flow in the exhaust pipe of the internal engine for heating up the catalyst and causing its activation. The flow through the exhaust pipe of the engine is modeled as the air flow which is pulsated by a rotary valve in test pipe and the relation between the wave phenomena and the fluid temperature is examined in this study. The change with time of the opening area of the valve is designed to be same as that of the exhaust port of an actual engine and an obstacle simulating a catalyst is installed in the test pipe. As test pipes, a straight pipe, a rectangular pipe, and two types of semiellipse pipes are used in this study, and pressure and temperature are measured using pressure transducers and thermocouples at some points in pipe. As a result, when the pulsation frequency is high, the pressure waves are found to merge into the shock wave upstream of the obstacle in the cases of all four types of test pipes, and the shock becomes relatively strong in the straight pipe. Furthermore, it is found that the fluid temperature most increases at the location where the shock wave grows and becomes strongest. In addition, when a semiellipse pipe is used, high pressure and high temperature is obtained at the focal point of the ellipse.

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A study has been undertaken to investigate the pore structure characteristics, porosity and critical pore diameter of preformed foamed concrete with a density between 1300 and 1900 kg/m³, and its effect on the permeation characteristics, water absorption and permeability. Different measured and calculated methods were adopted to determine the above properties and a comparison between them was done. Porosity was measured by apparent, total vacuum saturation and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) methods, while permeability was measured (by constant and falling head methods) and calculated (by the Katz and Thompson model). Total porosity and dry density are found to be clearly related. The critical pore diameter (from the MIP test) and the pore diameter size (>200nm) are found to be closely related to the permeability of foamed concrete.

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The sea-to-air flux of C₂H₅I (iodoethane) in the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean was estimated from the Henry’s law constant (K_H) and the measured partial pressures of C₂H₅I in surface seawater and air. The values of K_H, defined as the ratio of molar concentration (mol l^–1) to partial pressure (atm), for ten volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (CFCl₃ (CFC-11), C₅H₈ (isoprene), C₂H₂F₄ (HFC-134a), CHF₂Cl (HCFC-22), CH₃I, CH₂Br₂, C₂H₅I, CH₂Cl₂, CH₂ClI, and CHBr₃) were measured with an equilibrator and a purge-and-trap system in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ours is the first report of the K_H values for C₂H₅I and C₅H₈ as functions of temperature. The K_H values for the other VOCs were in good agreement with previously reported values. We calculated the sea-to-air flux of C₂H₅I using the newly determined K_H. Large sea-to-air fluxes (average, 0.04 nmol m^–2h^–1) were widespread in the Southern Ocean. We suggest that high biological productivity led to a high rate of C₂H₅I production in the subpolar water, and that the strong winds that frequently blow over the Southern Ocean resulted in the large sea-to-air flux.

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The Knudsen-cell mass spectrometry and the integral Knudsen effusion technique under ultra-high neutral vacuum were used to study evaporation of pure Fe, Cu and molten Fe-Cu alloys containing up to 10.1 mol% Cu in the temperature range of 1 440 to 1 916 K. Standard sublimation enthalpies of Fe and Cu and thermodynamic characteristics of the Fe-Cu liquid solution were calculated. The obtained results and literature data were applied for assessment of potentialities of steel decopperizing technology based on evaporation. The time required for a decrease in Cu concentration from 0.6 to 0.3 wt% through evaporation from the exposed surface of a 160-tons ladle into vacuum of 100 Pa amounts to 5 h. Decopperizing can be accelerated by combination of vacuum treatment with blowing neutral gases through the molten metal. Two processes are responsible for removal of copper in this case: transfer into gas bubbles, free-rising from the ladle bottom to its surface, and evaporation from molten metal surface, turbulized by blowing-through gas. The length of treatment required for the above decrease in copper concentration under the most favorable conditions (the highest vacuum over the ladle and the highest velocity of gas-stream blowing through the molten metal used in metallurgy) reduces to 1.5 h.

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Since the closed pipe under generation of the cooling cavity holds the low pressure near the saturation vapor pressure, quickly opening of the valve at an end of the pipe in that condition, the cavity is collapsed by the impressed atmospheric pressure, and an intense waterhammer occurs. The above phenomenon is modeled by the rigid column theory. The theoretical expression is derived to give the maximum pressure rise using the volumetric fraction of the cavity, the impressed pressure difference, the density and the sonic velocity of the liquid in the pipe. The estimated curve is compared with the experimental data. A weak buffer effect of the air in the cavity is shown quantitatively by the experiment. Because of the air containment, the cavity does not completely disappear and some bubbles of air remain after the collapse.

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近年の機器分析法の発展に伴い，ヒト体表面から発せられる微量な生体ガス（皮膚ガス）の種類や放散量が明らかになり，ヒトの身体的・生理的状態，種々の疾病の有無，生活環境や生活行為との関連に注目が集まっている．皮膚ガスは，体表面から放散される揮発性の有機・無機化合物の総称であり，代謝生成物や外来因子，皮膚表面における生物的・化学的反応生成物などから構成される混合ガスである．本稿では，皮膚ガスの種類や放散経路に関する基礎的な知見，および筆者らが開発した簡便な皮膚ガス測定法の概要，およびいくつかの臨床応用例を紹介し，皮膚ガス測定が健康・医用面において極めて有望な研究視座を与えることを述べる．

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石油産業におけるアスファルテン析出の問題は，石油精製においてコスト上昇を招いている。そのため原油タンク中のアスファルテン量を予測するモデルの開発が必要とされている。本研究では，Peng-Robinson状態方程式とFlory-Huggins溶解理論に基づいてアスファルテン析出を予測する新たなモデルを開発した。このモデルでは，アスファルテンと液状オイルの溶解度パラメーターの値および原油の熱力学特性値がPeng-Robinson状態方程式から計算されるので，従来に比べて大幅に時間が短縮され，それを用いた簡易なアルゴリズムによる計算が可能となった。二つの原油タンクからの実験データと比較した結果，高い精度でアスファルテン析出挙動を予測することができた。

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インドネシア,西スマトラ州の亜山地性多雨林域において,12年間のモニタリング調査から得た皆伐跡地二次林の林分構造と一次生産力の経年変化にもとづき,湿潤熱帯下での二次林の遷移過程を解析した.
二次林の構成種数は1000　m²程度の小面積で胸高直径が5cm上を対象とした場合,30-40種程度と成熟林分の半分以下で,また数種の明瞭な優占種が存在した.それらの種は,いずれも伐採後種子から生長した二次林種であった.生体量の回復速度は土壌条件により大きく異なり,湿潤で肥沃な場所では,伐採後9年で地上部現存量が300ton ha^-1以上の回復を示した.しかし,その後急速に優占種が多数枯れ,萌芽更新型の種群や成熟林構成型種群の優占度が相対的に高まった.萌芽更新型の種では,株サイズが更新初期の生長速度と高い正の相関を示したことから,強度の伐採圧はこの種群に有利に働くことが示唆された.
二次林構成種は成熟林の構成種に比べ全体的に幹材の物理的硬度が低く,また二次林構成種間において柔らかい樹木ほど肥大生長速度が高いことが判明した.この硬度と生長速度との関係を用い,モデル計算により同一サイズで堅さの異なる樹木間での生長量を比較したところ,乾物生産量ではほとんど差がなかった.このことから,個体レベルでの潜在的生産能力には種間で大差なく,生存戦略に対応した部位に光合成産物を転流していることが示唆された.
一次生産力は植生回復の初期段階で最大値を取り,その後一定値を保つ傾向を示した.安定期の値は,隣接する成熟林と有意な差が無く,地下部を考慮するとする26～30ton ha^-1 y^-12であった.再生段階のごく初期に生産力が最大値を示す理由は,肥大成長率(RGRD)がとくに初期段階で高いことによる.このRGRDと胸高直径の関係における経年変化が,種の入れ替えなしで生じた場合と種間の入れ替えが主な原因として生じた場合の2ケースについて,幹の堅さを考慮した一次生産力の遷移過程を数学モデルを用いて考察した.

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Self-induced vibration of a drop of liquid N₂ placed on a horizontal plate was observed, where the temperature T_a of the plate and the surrounding gas was kept constant at a value within −100°C∼200°C. The drop showed several modes of vibration with polygonal shapes in plane view and made transitions to other modes as its size decreased through boiling. It was found that the process of mode selection did not depend on T_a, if it was within −100°C∼150°C. Above 150°C, the drop selected modes rather randomly. Vibrational frequency was measured. It agreed with theory, but showed a small deviation for T_a<−69°C. A theoretical estimation of the temperature of boiling liquid surface is made to explain this deviation, and its result is discussed. An aspect of dynamical pattern formation is suggested in relation to the degree of thermal inequilibrium.

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薄板などを搬送するのに用いるエゼクタ式真空吸着装置のエゼクタ緒元および圧縮空気供給条件と騒音の関係を実験的に調べた. その結果, ある供給圧力で騒音レベルが極小となる特徴的な現象を見い出した. 発生騒音はエゼクタ内の流れ状態と密接な関連を持ち, 騒音レベルが極小となる供給圧力はエゼクタ緒元の影響を受ける. この現象を利用することにより, 騒音を大幅に低減でき, また最適なエゼクタの設計チャートを作成した.

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This paper describes the mass flow characteristics of free discharge through an orifice. Experiments are carried out to clarify the flow difference between the conventional pipe orifice and the pipe end orifice presented. The results are plotted by introducing λ which is the ratio of real flow rate to the flow determined by using the ASME or JIS regulated value of the pipe orifice into the pipe end orifice case. The experimental results show that the conventional regulated relations of the pipe orifice can be applied correspondingly to the case of this pipe end orifice in subsonic flow regime. The effect of the down-stream pipe length on the flow measurement error, and the effect of an obstacle placed at the free discharge region of the jet on the error are also examined and discussed.

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