Shakespeare frequently used popular ballads, which were ubiquitous and most flexible art-form in early modern culture. As for dramatic effects of vocal songs in Shakespeare's plays, Bruce Smith suggests that the performance of well-known ballads onstage helps to establish a sense of common culture uniting actors and audience. However, we should not overlook the fact that the performances of ballads are elaborately woven into the world of the play and are significantly intertwined with the proceedings of the plot, especially in Othello. The purpose of this paper is to examine the dramatic functions of the two performance scenes in Othello focusing on the song in each scene. The two songs, "King Stephen" sung by Iago and "Willow Song" sung by Desdemona, will be examined, compared them with the ballads from which Shakespeare drew these songs. In the analysis, these scenes will be treated as structural elements that construct the world of Othello. First, I examine "King Stephen" sung by Iago in Act 2 scene 3, analyzing the form and words of its original dialogue-ballad, "Bell my wife," and demonstrate how the features of the ballad are reflected in this song, which advances and develops drama. Next, I delve into Desdemona's "Willow Song" in Act 4 scene 3. After briefly reviewing the features of old willow songs, I focus on the alterations Shakespeare made on the popular broadside ballad entitled "A Louer's complaint." An analysis of the alterations will show that the multiple subject positions in the singing of "Willow Song" even include Othello, the hero, and Barbary, the dead woman, transcending gender and class differences. Finally, I demonstrate that this song, sung with irregular intervals between singing phrases and spoken lines, functions as a ritual for turning the stage into the coffin for Desdemona, Emilia, and Othello, calling in the wind from the underworld.

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Analyses of post-World War II reconstruction and stabilization have focused on advanced countries, but examination of under-developed areas, as well, will provide us with a more comprehensive view of this historical process.

Western European reconstruction and stability were achieved fairly systematically. Following the end of the war, Western European countries

short of dollars to import the machines and raw materials that were indispensable for industrial reconstruction. Currency stabilization and foreign exchange liberalization were regarded as necessary steps to increasing foreign trade. Western Europe was rescued from the 1947 liquidity crisis by emergency loans from the IMF, World Bank and Washington Export-Import Bank (EXIM). Then, from 1948-52, the Marshall Aid Plan supplied dollars to Western Europe. Once they had achieved currency stability around 1949, Western Europe's countries pursued exchange-rate liberalization based on support from the IMF and European Payments Union (EPR). They finally achieved stability in the mid-1950s.

In under-developed areas, by contrast, development and stabilization were a fluctuating and disorderly process. In comparison to the developed countries that were at the center of the post-war international economic system (IMF=GATT regime), under-developed areas were marginal. The U.S provided them aid sporadically, on an ad hoc basis. Although Truman expressed enthusiasm for development when he presented his “Point Four Program”, the U.S. hesitated to embark decisively on an aids program. 1956, however, proved a turning point and the U.S. began actively to export an American development model to counter the Soviet model. The World Bank took its part by complementing the U.S. aid.

East Asia was a marginal area in the post-war international economic order, but it was at the vanguard of the cold war. Following World War II, “the yen exchange area” was divided into three regions: the communist (China), the under-developed (Korea and Taiwan), and the developed (Japan). In other words, the East Asian economy was characterized by segmentation. Trade among these areas was limited. Although the U.S. offered Korea and Taiwan huge sums of economic and military aid, it had no feasible program for East Asian integration.

By the beginning of the 1960s, the U.S. had elaborated an “Economic Growth Model” common to developed and under-developed countries. This model successfully masked the disparities in the post-war international economic system.

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異常な血管平滑筋細胞 (VSMC) 増殖は、血管手術後に見られる粥状動脈硬化症や再狭窄の最も特徴的なものである。ヘパリンやヘパラン硫酸プロテオグリカンは、VSMC細胞増殖をin vitro、in vivo で抑制することが示された。ヘパリンの細胞増殖抑制活性についての分子機構は、まだ完全に理解されていないけれども、多くの研究の努力が次の様な課題に向けられている。1) ヘパリンの特異的細胞表面レセプターとの結合、2) 細胞周期制御機構についての効果、3) 増殖シグナル伝達経路の変化、4) 遺伝子発現、特に細胞増殖に必要なタンパク質や細胞外マトリックスタンパク質をコードする遺伝子、の制御。本論では、細胞増殖抑制機構におけるヘパリンの作用を理解する上での、主要な知見を概説する。

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In the beam-to-column connections, there is a possibility that the plastic deformation capacity decreases by brittle fracture. Full scale test on beam-to-column connections with ordinary type weld access holes was carried out. Major test parameter was temperature. The plastic deformation capacity and the load-carrying in the transition area were evaluated from the test result, and were compared with previous experimental results. Deformation capacity is largely influenced by the mechanical property of the material. The material used in the test was special one and had unique properties. Then, the material properties were replaced and corrected by the ordinary one in analyzing the deformation capacity.

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