We propose an efficient hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) method that simultaneously achieves packet combining and resolution of the collisions of random access identifiers (

) during retransmission in a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based random access system. Here, the RAID functions as a separator for simultaneously received packets that use the same channel in NOMA. An example of this is a scrambling code used in 4G and 5G systems. Since users independently select a RAID from the candidate set prepared by the system, the decoding of received packets fails when multiple users select the same RAID. Random RAID reselection by each user when attempting retransmission can resolve a RAID collision; however, packet combining between the previous and retransmitted packets is not possible in this case because the base station receiver does not know the relationship between the RAID of the previously transmitted packet and that of the retransmitted packet. To address this problem, we propose a HARQ method that employs novel hierarchical tree-structured RAID groups in which the RAID for the previous packet transmission has a one-to-one relationship with the set of for retransmission. The proposed method resolves RAID collisions at retransmission by randomly reselecting for each user a RAID from the dedicated RAID set from the previous transmission. Since the relationship between the at the previous transmission and retransmission is known at the base station, packet combining is achieved simultaneously. Computer simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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This article aims to reveal how the movements to record air

in Fukuoka began in 1970s, expanded in 1980s, and have continued until now. Fukuoka, which has the large industrial cities and the experience of the air and of the fortification for the Korean War, had invented the various peace movements by the labor union cultural circles in the context of anti-base movement since 1950s. In 1970s, these peace circles organized the Society to Record Air in Kiakyushu-shi, Omuta-shi, and Fukuoka-shi on their own initiative, and began to collect the notes about the experiences of the air in Fukuoka and the sources of US Strategic Bombing Surveys. In 1980s, The Teacherʼs Union in Fukuoka, women’s groups, and Local Union and Junior Chamber in Amagi-Asakura area also proceeded to undertake the movements to record air .

After the latter half of the 1980s, there appeared various measures of the movements to record air

. For example, the exhibition about air was held on Fukuoka-shi in 1985. Moreover, the movement for erection of the peace monument arose among the citizens of Omta city, involving the city assembly in 1988. In recent years, the memorizing of the achievements of the activists who have taken part in the movement to record air is proceeding.

These circumstances show that the movements to record air

in Fukuoka have four features as follows. Firstly, “free agency” of the residents in each town led the movements sustainable. Secondly, cooperation with each civil group was based on “communality”. Thirdly, the participants of the movements shared “actuality”, their attitude to understand the Vietnam War or the environmental problems as their own problems. Lastly, the civil movements were “influential” in public policies by local government.

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This article aims to reveal how the movements to record air

in Fukuoka began in 1970s, expanded in 1980s, and have continued until now. Fukuoka, which has the large industrial cities and the experience of the air and of the fortification for the Korean War, had invented the various peace movements by the labor union cultural circles in the context of anti-base movement since 1950s. In 1970s, these peace circles organized the Society to Record Air in Kiakyushu-shi, Omuta-shi, and Fukuoka-shi on their own initiative, and began to collect the notes about the experiences of the air in Fukuoka and the sources of US Strategic Bombing Surveys. In 1980s, The Teacherʼs Union in Fukuoka, women’s groups, and Local Union and Junior Chamber in Amagi-Asakura area also proceeded to undertake the movements to record air .

After the latter half of the 1980s, there appeared various measures of the movements to record air

. For example, the exhibition about air was held on Fukuoka-shi in 1985. Moreover, the movement for erection of the peace monument arose among the citizens of Omta city, involving the city assembly in 1988. In recent years, the memorizing of the achievements of the activists who have taken part in the movement to record air is proceeding.

These circumstances show that the movements to record air

in Fukuoka have four features as follows. Firstly, “free agency” of the residents in each town led the movements sustainable. Secondly, cooperation with each civil group was based on “communality”. Thirdly, the participants of the movements shared “actuality”, their attitude to understand the Vietnam War or the environmental problems as their own problems. Lastly, the civil movements were “influential” in public policies by local government.

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A type of raid known as the Gaz occurred in northeastern Ethiopia in 1941–1942. The raiders, from Wajirat and Raya Azebo in southern Tigray and northern Wollo, attacked the Afar, causing chaos in this region. The raiding coincided with the beginning of the British-supported reconstruction of the Ethiopian empire following five years of Italian occupation. Attempts to stop the raiding were marked by administrative, organizational, and financial difficulties. This analysis of the Gaz describes the internal difficulties and social disturbances faced by the Ethiopian government and British military and the reactions to the political and social changes resulting from the withdrawal of the Italians and the reconstruction of the empire.

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  In conventional method, discontinuous sectors in disk processing must be transferred by individual operations even they are in the same track. When cache stage/destage operation starts, rotational latency can not be avoided. We pursue a novel cache schedule strategy COCS ( Continuous Operating Cache Schedule) which enables transferring data of discontinuous sectors in a single operation, minimizes the rotational latency. It can ever get zero-latency in some case. Experiment results illustrate that COCS has better performance.

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This paper proposes a novel random access identifier (RAID)-linked receiver beamforming method for time division duplex (TDD)-based random access. When the number of receiver antennas at the base station is large in a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) scenario, the channel estimation accuracy per receiver antenna at the base station receiver is degraded due to the limited received signal power per antenna from the user terminal. This results in degradation in the receiver beamforming (BF) or antenna diversity combining and active RAID detection. The purpose of the proposed method is to achieve accurate active RAID detection and channel estimation with a reasonable level of computational complexity at the base station receiver. In the proposed method, a unique receiver BF vector applied at the base station is linked to each of the M

prepared by the system. The user terminal selects an appropriate pair comprising a receiver BF vector and a RAID in advance based on the channel estimation results in the downlink assuming channel reciprocity in a TDD system. Therefore, per-receiver antenna channel estimation for receiver BF is not necessary in the proposed method. Furthermore, in order to utilize fully the knowledge of the channel at the user transmitter, we propose applying transmitter filtering (TF) to the proposed method for effective channel shortening in order to increase the orthogonal preambles for active RAID detection and channel estimation prepared for each RAID. Computer simulation results show that the proposed method greatly improves the accuracy of active RAID detection and channel estimation. This results in lower error rates than that for the conventional method performing channel estimation at each antenna in a massive MIMO environment.

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Peripheral mountain farmer groups in the middle Omo valley have met sporadic yet massive violent conflicts assumingly brought by lowland agro-pastoralists in the lower Omo valley since the 1970s. This paper focuses on conflicts in Malo, south of the middle Omo River. In March 1976, immediately after the collapse of the imperial regime, nearly half of the Malo land was invaded by unidentified armed attackers. The attacks were totally one-sided. Settlements were heavily devastated and cattle completely looted; more than 1,000 farmers were killed. Similar attacks have ensued over the years. Local farmers claim that the main perpetrators are golde, Surmic-speaking agro-pastoralists from the lower Omo valley, with whom they formerly had little connection. As a result of the attacks, numerous settlements and fields near the river have been permanently abandoned. Differential state rule over the lower and middle Omo valleys since the imperial conquest at the end of the 19th century have shaped a great imbalance of power in terms of modern arms possession between these peoples. Continuous state intervention is needed to prevent future conflicts.

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The war discourse of the Hor, comprised of idioms that provide them with meanings related to waging war, diverges considerably from the Hor’s present interethnic relationships with their neighbors. Since the end of the 19^th century, the Hor have lived under Ethiopian state rule but have tried to maintain their cultural and political autonomy by constructing and upholding a patriarchal “tradition” (aada). This “tradition” includes sets of discourses and rituals, among which the war discourse is one of the most important. This paper analyzes the war discourse and demonstrates how it functions to consolidate the Hor’s patriarchal tradition. As interethnic relationships have changed, new idioms have been added, even though the discourse appears authentic and unchanging. While deterioration of the Hor’s relationship with the neighboring Borana animated the war discourse in the 1990s, changes to the discourse also reflect challenges to Hor tradition from within.

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This article aims to examine as to how the public memory of “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” has been formed in the school education system and disseminated through history and sociology textbooks.

In the immediate postwar era, “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” was articulated as both the symbol of the unprecedented suffering endured by the Japanese people and their final defeat. This perspective, combined with many emotional stories of survival, appeared in numerous textbooks and museum exhibitions, resulting in the typical Japanese view that “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” was the nations’supreme sacrifice to end the war and thereby“making peace”. This view, in turn, brought us the conviction that as the only nation to have experienced a nuclear attack, Japanese people have the obligation and the right to pursue the world peace through the abolition of nuclear weapons.

This view, however, began to change in the 1980’s. The “history textbook issue” revealed their lack of awareness as the aggressor, resulting in fierce criticism from neighbor countries. In response to this criticism, the narrative in textbooks began to change and improved as outlined below.

Firstly, detailed descriptions of atrocities committed by the Japanese military increased remarkably, weakening the perception that “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” was a unique symbol of Japanese sacrifice. Secondly, vivid descriptions of the Great Tokyo Air

and the Battle of Okinawa also increased, further diminishing the tendency to particularize the damage of “Hiroshima and Nagasaki”. Thirdly, as textbooks began to present data quantifying war victims from around the world, the “mega-death” of A-bombs looked less remarkable. Lastly, the practice and theory of“Atomic Diplomacy” and “indiscriminate air ” brought them the perspective that the A-bomb attack was not a disaster but the result of US wartime strategy.

While these changes in viewpoint came much too slowly and are still largely insufficient, the result is that “Hiroshima and Nagasaki” is now narrated more objectively and relatively in textbooks. These changes, however, while laudable, if taken too far, could cause a gradual decline in its presence and meaning.

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Folk practitioners of the Okinawa Islands pray for peace. In the world view of Okinawa, the dead are now alive in the after world. Such a world is thought to be near to the everyday living world in Okinawa. The activities of folk practitioners make one of the introductions to the new peace studies. Folk practitioners can feel the presence of those fallen from the Battle of Okinawa in 1945. They pray for the world peace from the point of view of the pain experienced by those killed.

We must endeavour to construct wisdom for peace, by way of the idea, that we, humankind, include our own death. The numerous dead along with their pain from the war are vital reminders for us of the importance to perform peace keeping activities and peace studies, now and the future. In this essay, three case studies of folk practitioners and their activities for peace are presented. As a conclusion, this paper insists that we must reconsider the importance of religious prayer in relation to peace, as we try to combine them with common peace keeping activities within our peace studies. Folk practitioners modestly tell us, that if we remove the idea of death, from our wisdom,we cannot truly investigate peace studies anymore. This is a strong philosophical message to all of us.

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This article examines recent high-rise developments in Tokyo that have reshaped the mega-city′s identity, and in particular defines the timeline of these drastic changes on the skyline. The research has focused on buildings over 150m tall¹ in Central Tokyo,² considering construction data in light of the city′s historical development, economic models, legal framework, and technological restrictions. The objective of this research is to explain the processes that have led to the current skyline, and in particular explain the historical reasons that have led to what is often described as Tokyo′s chaotic morphology.

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The aim of this paper is to consider how can we establish oral history studies as an academic discipline without eliminating the richness in the original achievement from various types of oral historical practices in post-war Japan. I focus on the case of the Center of the Tokyo and War Damage, founded in 2002, as a type of "foothold" in oral historical practices and war memory studies. The Center has a hybrid character, composed of a specialized professional institute and museum that also carries on a people's campaign of recording air raid experiences. The development of such types of "places" asks us to rethink the self-sufficient image of the existing academic system, that is, originally what is "knowledge," or what is the indigenous role of the university?

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The term ‘asylum seeker’ refers to a person who flees his or her country due to conflict and requests the right to remain in the host country. According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees held in Geneva, persons assessed as refugees are entitled to the same civil rights that the natural citizens of the host country have. Until the asylum seeker is certified as a refugee, he/she is a ‘bare life’ standing against the sovereign power of a modern nation state with no political rights. Since the 1990s, many immigrants including asylum seekers have fled to the West, and consequently, these countries have ‘fortified’ themselves in response to the increasing number of immigrants.

In 2000, the Home Office of the United Kingdom established the National Asylum Support Service (NASS). NASS introduced the ‘Policy of Compulsory Dispersal’ which aims to avoid the concentration of asylum seekers in a particular area, especially London. As a result, asylum seekers, who are awaiting the decision of the Home Office, are being dispersed all over the UK. In 2006, the Scottish city Glasgow was hosting the largest number of asylum seekers in the UK.

In 1999, the Parliament of UK devolved autonomy to Scotland in all areas except for defense, foreign policy, and immigration and nationality. It is evident that devolved Scotland is relatively more tolerant towards immigrants including refugees and asylum seekers than England and the rest of the UK, so as to balance Scotland’s declining population.

The Home Office has conducted dawn

to detain and deport failed asylum seekers who continue their stay. Since 2005, the Scottish Executive has been criticizing the practice of dawn as inhumane. As a result of the negotiations between the Scottish Executive and the Home Office, dawn were suspended in 2006, but only in Scotland. Westminster has acquiesced to Scottish territoriality to a certain extent. However, in an attempt to outwit Scotland, the Home Office has introduced ‘new tactics’ that may subvert Scotland’s concerns as the purpose of these tactics is to detain failed asylum seekers undercover in Scotland and then transfer them to England. In this action, we can observe the strong but hidden intent that the Home Office and the UK government have to retain their stronghold on the immigration policy which is strongly connected to state sovereignty.

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インドのグジャラートに11世紀頃から居住するアフリカ起源のシッディー族37名について生体計測を実施し, アフリカの二, 三の黒人集団との類似性を検討した。

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