Concepts, basic system configuration and service scenarios on the new TV broadcasting systems are the main focuses in this paper ; - TV where viewers can provide program materials and Talk-together TV where viewers can share the experience of enjoying the same content. These new systems will capitalize on the broadband bi-directional transmission capability of the optical fiber based network.

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Preventing communication errors is essential for ensuring safety in the work place in railways. This study describes the construction of a "Causal model of communication errors in the railways" from the analyses of accident reports and feedback on experience of communication errors. Through this model, it was found that certain methods, such as "

-," "confirmation talk" and "learning ambiguous expressions" were effective in preventing communication errors. A training method to teach these skills was proposed and its effectiveness was confirmed through experiments.

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- and talk-together TV system will enhance current experiences with TV. In this paper, case study on talk-together TV system is given. Scenario description, parameters and required functions for system implementation are detailed here.

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From the point of view of the safety, convenience and comfortability of railways, the Human Science Division of Railway Technical Research Institute has been conducting research on the safety management support and the improvement of car inside environment and station environment. This paper outlines recent human science research on education and training geared to prevent human error, human error analysis methods and countermeasures against outside factors threatening railway safety.

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1) Getting the hint from the fact that childrens like to play with telephones as toys, the authors put into experiment the - style, new audiometric instrument by application of toy-telephone.
2) This instrument is the very small and children can be examined in their hearing by pure tone, speech sound, social sound and the voice of their mothers.
3) It was revealed that there are not significant.differences between the results by speech audiometry with standard audiometer and the results by this telephone audiometry.
4) In the application to the case of hard of hearing, we acknowledged the answer to mothers calling, by observing the expressions, reflexes and behaviours of the childrens, as the sign of auditory existence.There was no significant differences between the results of telephone audiometry and the results of other audiometry for the preschool childrens.

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Since the late s, the hill dwelling minority in Thailand have gained visibility amid social movements concerning environmental conservation, community forest rights, and the appeal for citizenship. In this process they have gained a stage and a voice to represent themselves to a considerable degree. The discourse and representation pertaining to the hill-dwellers are becoming an arena of negotiation, where the hill-dwellers themselves are active participants. In this paper, I examine the layers of discourse regarding the Karen which has evolved within the changing socio-political context. Participants in the discourse adopt varied elements of the existing layers of discourse by travelers, missionaries, academics, administrators and NGOs which have all contributed to the stereotype of the Karen as the meek and submissive hill-dwellers. In the latter half of the paper, I take up a case of a recent eco-tourism venture in Chiang Mai Province, and analyze how villagers whose existence has been precarious for decades due to its position on the edge of a National Park have chosen to represent themselves in the venture. Eco-tourism especially provides a pertinent arena for the negotiation of such self/other representation.

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Consultation is regarded as an important activity of school counseling. In Japan, various experts should get together, discuss, and support each other to solve the various complicated problems at school. In this study, I am going to think over the effective consultation of teachers to solve the problems of the female junior high school student who must decide what course should take. In this case, although the teacher want to solve the problem, the teacher’s action for the student kept the bad relation between the student and her mother. I shared this vicious circle with the teacher and urged him to change his action to solve the problem. Through this case, we need to think of the system including not only the student and her family but also family and teacher. Giving teachers the opportunity to use their specialty effects on solving problems. I discussed about the possibility to make consultation for teachers effective.

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The current video switching/composition scheme employed is fundamentally subject to a variable delay of 0-1 frame at each stage due to the use of a frame synchronizer. We can fix and minimize this variable delay by controlling the video sync phase of the distributed video sources at the start of the communication session if they are driven by either the same video sync frequency or independent but very accurate sync frequencies. Furthermore, delivering the necessary phase controlling signals between the terminal and the video switching or composing point can be relatively easy because of the widely available IP networks. Based on these ideas, we determined the performance of an experimental system we constructed that used video phase synchronization of distributed video sources. We describe the system's architecture, discuss the sync source dependency of the system, and report the delay observed in existing and proposed schemes of video composition using real time hardware experiments. The results obtained indicate that the proposed video sync controlling system is effective and has practical applications for fixing and minimizing the video switching/composition delay.

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Arabidopsis root growth kinetics were investigated with high temporal and spatial resolution in combination with detailed statistical analysis to resolve presence of diurnal modulation of root tip displacement. In particular, high resolution video imaging was used to monitor root-tip displacement of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings over several days. Root growth kinetics were sampled and statistically analyzed in two different photoperiods: long day LD (16 h-8 h) and equal LD (12 h-12 h) light. Diurnal root elongation kinetics exhibited five highly reproducible phases, one of these being a maximum of root growth rate displayed 1-2 h after the light on phase. Then, during the later part of the light period, root growth rate decreased. Several hours before darkening root elongation rates started to increase, with a profound decrease immediately after darkness. Subsequent to this dark-induced reduction in root growth rate the remaining part of the night was characterized by increasing growth activity. Together, tip elongation, in Arabidopsis roots is modulated by strong diurnal rhythms that are maintained in both photoperiods used and also in continuous illumination.

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Twenty aphasic patients were asked to give descriptions of their communication difficulties in daily communication situations. Their responses were analyzed and the implications for communication management at 1) the immediate post-onset stage, and 2) the post-plateau stage were discussed.
Problems encountered by the patients in the immediate post-onset period included psychological instability such as anxiety, solitude, disorganized thought processes, difficulty in concentration and in learning new materials, decreased memory span, and lack of motivation in addition to communication problems per se.
On the basis of these findings, it was suggested that although it is necessary to take preventive measures, formal aphasia examination and therapy should be deferred until the patient's physical-psychological stability is obtained. The speech therapist's role at the immediate post-onset stage includes gathering information through frequent, informal observation of the patient, providing psychological support for the patient and his family, finding out the most effective communication method with the patient and helping the family and the ward staff to use this method.
Communication difficulties experienced by the patients in the post-plateau stage included the following:
a) Residual organic signs of aphasia: Short auditory memory span, figure-ground disorder, persisting difficulty in articulation and prosody, etc. tended to remain in many patients even after intensive language therapy.
b) Undesirable attitude toward communication: Many patients exhibited anxiety and avoidance reactions in communication situations, which seemed to stem from the organic signs enumerated in a).
Taken together, these findings were interpreted as indicating the necessity for a systematic program aimed at enhancing communication abilities in post-plateau patients. This type of program seems to be of special importance for patients with a good possibility of returning to former employment.
It was further suggested that a modified framework for stuttering therapy (which makes use of identification, desensitization and modification procedures) would be profitably applied to the aphasic patients at this stage of rehabilitation.

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A bio-check unit and health index were developed to evaluate personal health grade. The bio-check unit conducts health-related surveys and noninvasive measurements of physiological signals. Four health indices were defined such as cardiovascular index, stress index, obesity index, and management index. Programs were developed to evaluate scores of the four health indices from measured physiological signals and answers of survey questions. In order to obtain distributions of the health index scores with age, a clinical study was performed for 362 persons who visited general hospital for annual health inspection. The health index scores showed significant correlations with age. Based on the regression equation with age, five regions were divided in health index scores to classify personal health grade. The health index scores were found to identify specific diseases such as hypertension and diabetes.

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Rudeness can occur any place at anytime in social interactions. People not only become rude, intentionally or unintentionally, but also become the recipient of rude behavior in both verbal and non-verbal settings. However, contrary to the extensive studies on politeness in linguistic interaction (Brown, and Levinson, 1978; Blum-Kulka, 1987; Fraser, 1990; Kasper, 1990; Lakoff, 1989; Leech, 1983), rudeness has not been the main focus of research in sociolinguistics or related disciplines thus far (Beebe, 1993). Therefore, this paper explores relatively untouched features of rudeness, and aims to describe sociolinguistic patterns observed in the data on rudeness which occurs especially when the speakers and the addressees have different expectations in their communicative interactions.

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　This paper seeks to produce knowledge of identity as European-descended white in the Caribbean islands of Barbados and Trinidad, where the white populations account for 2.7% and 0.7% respectively, of the total population. Face-to-face individual interviews were conducted with 29 participants who are subjectively and objectively white, in August 2016 and February 2017 in order to obtain primary data, as a means of creating oral history. Many of the whites in Barbados recognise their interracial family background, and possess no reluctance for having interracial marriage and interracial children. They have very weak attachment to white hegemony. On contrary, white Trinidadians insist on their racial purity as white and show their disagreement towards interracial marriage and interracial children. The younger generations in both islands say white supremacy does not work anymore, yet admit they take advantage of whiteness in everyday life. The elder generation in Barbados say being white is somewhat disadvantageous, but their Trinidadian counterparts are very proud of being white which is superior form of racial identity. The paper revealed the sense of colonial superiority is rooted in the minds of whites in Barbados and Trinidad, yet the younger generations in both islands tend to deny the existence of white privilege and racism in order to assimilate into the majority of the society, which is non-white.

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ことばの本源的な力は「応答」にある。読みきかせは聞き手のアド(相槌)に支えられ微妙に変化する「あどがたり」と呼ぶべきものであり、文学教育の原点がここにある。作品を読むとは、作品内部のみならず、作品間、作品と読者のつながりを見つけることであり、文学教育とは生徒と教師が応答を繰り返す中で作品を肉声をもって蘇らせようとする試みである。ことばをおぼえ始めた子どもは、手持ちのことばではじめて出会った経験を表現しようとする。この「ことばのブリコラージュ」は原理的には小説を書く行為と同じだ。生徒の感想文にも「生成しつつあることばの力」がある。思春期の高校生は、「他者との関係を媒介とした自我の問題」や「時間にまつわる成熟・死・歴史の問題」から目を背けようとする傾向にあるが、ことばや物語はむしろ現実を引き受ける方向へ彼らを励ますべきではないか。

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between ethnic schools and the identity construction with the focus on a subset of Zainichi Koreans who affiliate with the pro-North Korea group Chongryun (the General Association of Korean Residents) and received education from Chongryun-affiliated schools. This study adopts an empirical qualitative method based on in-depth interviews with thirty-seven Zainichi Koreans as well as field observation which were conducted between 2007 and 2010. The findings of this study show that Chongryun Koreans still share the collective identities despite decline of Chongryun’s unifying force. Their identities are based on a sense of belonging to the ethnic schools and the local Korean community, which has displaced allegiance to North Korea and Chongryun as the major force that unites its members. For some of them, their Zainichi Korean identity is not separated from a sense of being part of Japanese society. This study of a subset of Zainichi Koreans is one example of an ethnic minority group in a global context and it seeks to contribute to the wider understanding of ethnicity and identity formation in contemporary societies.

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