In the 1960s, radio research in Japan was at a developing stage in comparison with that of leading countries. However, in the following decades the situation improved dramatically, and Japan gained a competitive position in this research field. This was achieved largely through the construction of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory (NRO). This paper describes the NROʼs construction history by focusing on the setting of scientific goals and development of the equipment to achieve them. Although there have been a few preceding studies on the Japanese history of modern including radio , it is characterized that this study utilized mainly the minutes of the Science Council of Japan and documents of research groups as primary sources. This paper clarifies the following processes. In the 1960s, with a series of major worldwide discoveries in radio , the importance of radio was recognized in Japan as well, which led to the planning of the Science Council of Japan. Responding to the global trend of radio , Japan set as the scientific goal exploring millimeter-wave . In order to meet the requirements, the 45m radio telescope and an acousto-optic radio spectrometer for spectral observations were designed and their specifications were actually realized, which far exceeded world standards at that time. Consequently, Japanese radio could obtain its global position.

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This paper describes the ideas developed in the specification and outline design of an news integrated system. It is completed by the science museum curator and the system designer to construct a visualization system of the news from NASA. The system is made by the LAMP environment and CIT representations of news items in the core of the news message for available and easily accessible to the curator's requires. We identified three basic news categories: "Time", "Space" and "Classification" and they are much anticipated function for curators.

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This paper describes a study in which we enable access to news information from different websites. And based on an evaluation from curators, we propose a visualization system with time and spatial concepts, and an interactive presentation of news information for the web. We describe a data arrangement method for keywords and aggregated to news automatic programming path. In addition, we propose a prototype that spans from inner solar system to deep space for location exploration. Before constructing our system, we chose some well-known websites as survey objects, and determined their interface problems and solved them.

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Since the new era of infrared

was opened by the Two Micron Sky Survey by Neugebauer et al. in the early 1960s, about a half century has passed. During this time, observations have expanded rapidly and widely, to almost every field of , to reveal new perspectives on the universe. As a result, infrared has become one of the major branches of , along with optical, radio, X-ray as well as high-energy particle . In Japan, we started our infrared astronomical activities at a rather early time, under relatively poor technical and environmental conditions, and using somewhat unconventional methods to overcome these difficulties. Here, a brief survey is presented of developments concerning infrared during the past half century, while mainly recollecting our footprints in the stream of world activities.

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While the human interest in astronomical phenomena has a long history, the academic study of cultural phenomena with astronomical significance has only begun in the middle of the 20_<th> century: e.g., studies of Stonehenge and Megalithic structures in Europe pioneered by astronomers and archaeologists. That trend stimulated similar studies in the New World, with many studies of ancient civilizations, such as the Aztec, Maya and Inka, first appearing in the 1970's. In contrast to Old World studies, which are mainly based on archaeological methods, the studies in the New World tend to integrate archaeological and ethnographic information. One reason for that seems to stem from the difference of disciplines, since archaeology in the United States was long treated as part of anthropology. It also used to be possible to research ethnographic information concerning astronomical phenomena in the New World based on archival study and fieldwork. In that context, several excellent pieces of literature of ethnoastronomy have been written that explicate a different way of viewing the sky and universe [e.g. Hudson and Underhay 1978; Urton 1981; Chamberlain 1982]. In addition, the concept of cosmovision proposed by J. Broda [1982, 1993] has been found to be a useful device to approach an integrated view of cosmology and cosmogony [Fairer 1992]. A similar trend is found in other parts of the world, such as Oceania and Africa [e.g. Sharp 1993]. Under those circumstances, the author argues that archaeological and ethnological studies are to be integrated as an anthropology of astronomical phenomena, or "astronomical anthropology." Through that integration, anthropology will serve an important role in the interdisciplinary field of " in culture" or "cultural " [Ruggles and Saunders 1993; Valls-Gabaud and Boksenberg 2011]. Recently, the positioning of in culture and society has become an important topic, with serious discussions of the reevaluation of indigenous and its teaching to the younger generation [Holbrook et al. 2009; Ruggles 2011]. The author argues that the anthropologists interested in should not restrict their role to recording past and endangered customs, but instead should participate actively in revitalizing indigenous as a form of practical knowledge (e.g., the education of modern star navigation in the context of the Oceanic canoe renaissance). In that sense, astronomical anthropology will be able to contribute to reconstructing "neo-science," meaning the refraining of indigenous knowledge as another system of science. Its reutilization should be directed not only toward the construction of symbols of cultural revival activities, but also such practical educational purposes as weather and seasonal reckoning.

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In this paper, we show some examples of sparse modeling in . In many cases, data has sparsity. If we can utilize it, we will have better results. What is measured in is the electromagnetic wave of various wavelength. The technology used for each wavelength is different. We show three examples. For each of them, the sparse modeling plays an important role.

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Several interactive teaching materials were developed which would help teach in junior high school science classes. The topics of these interactive teaching materials were “Composition of Stars in Space,” “Three-dimensional Placement of Stars in a Constellation,” “Apparent Movement of the Planets,” and “Acceleration of Gravity.” These materials were made for the purpose of visualizing some scientific phenomenon through experience. By the positive use of these interactive teaching materials, they bring images to live for students. This study took a hands-on approach to teaching students difficult concepts in . As a result of the interactive teaching materials, student’s imaginations were engaged. Student interest has increased because of this interactive unit on .

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In school education in Japan, education has been incorporated into the new curricula at elementary and lower secondary level. Students will be given a chance to observe heavenly bodies is the course of extra-curricular activities, and teachers will study teaching methods and develop related teaching materials on in-service training courses at teachers' centers. The Science Promotion Education Law aims at substantial improvement of the equipment and facilities for education. In terms of adult education, museums and science museums have many -related activities and the mass media also have a useful role to play. This report deals with the above points.

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Inquiry-based classes are classes in which students set their own problems and learn independently and collaboratively to solve them. The role of this type of class is expected to increase in the future, as inquiry will become a major keyword in the new curriculum guidelines for high school students starting in 2022FY. In the field of , there are some reports on the implementation of inquiry activities, but there are few examples of verifying the effects based on long-term data. In this paper, the effect of inquiry-based classes has been verified based on several-year data of the public high school that have implemented inquiry activities in the field of . As a results, the following findings were made: (1) Most of the students enjoyed the activities and understood the research content, and many commented that the activities were meaningful. This suggests that inquiry-based classes are very meaningful in the field of . (2) This type of class is, however, unlikely to have an impact on students' career development. (3) Students who have actually observed astronomical objects tend to go on to universities where they can study and/or astrophysics, or to make presentations at academic conferences.

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A large number of studies for making handcraft planetarium have been made, because it is easier and less expensive to make them. However, there are some problems in making and using one proposed in the previous studies. Firstly, it is difficult to open the round-shaped pinholes by using paper drills. Secondly, the size of the projector is not sometimes suitable to use it in a class room. In this study, we developed a planetarium handcraft kit named Kent Star that overcame the problems mentioned above.

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[in Japanese]

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The 20K-class Double-staged Stirling cooler is a key cryogenic technology for cooling the optical detectors and telescopes of the highly-sophisticated satellite missions proposed by JAXA, for instance, the x-ray mission Astro-H(2013) and the cryogenic infrared telescope mission SPICA(2018). Therefore, it is required that the advanced double-staged Stirling cooler with improvement of mechanical reliability and cooling performance will be developed, based on the existing one onboard the first Japanese infrared mission Akari(2006) with cooling power of 200mW at 20K (90W power input). This paper describes about development status of the advanced double-staged Stirling cooler with cooling performance and long lifetime test.

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The turn of the 17th to the 18th century is often regarded as a transitional period in the history of Japanese

. Shibukawa Harumi 澁川春海 (1639‒1715) successfully led a calendrical reform, and the practice of "empirical" was on the rise. Among those who theorize on the importance of this type of , the name of Nishikawa Joken 西川如見 (1648‒1724) is one of the first to be mentioned. For historians of science who study Japan, Joken remains one of the early proponents of European-inspired observational . For intellectual historians, Joken is part of a broader trend in Japanese Confucian thought towards novel ways of apprehending the cosmos that are still firmly rooted in Chinese traditions. The purpose of this study is to review the central issues in previous scholarship on Joken and to supplement it with a bibliographical approach. By bibliographically organizing his astronomical and non-astronomical writings, it is possible to gather evidence on the intended audience and assess the impact of each work. My goal is to propose a more holistic understanding of the celestial sciences (tengaku 天學) in Joken's works by taking into account the characteristics of each work in which his cosmological ideas appear.

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is one of the most data-intensive of the sciences. Data technology is accelerating the quality and effectiveness of its research, and the rate of astronomical discovery is higher than ever. As a result, many view as being in a "Golden Age," and projects such as the Virtual Observatory are amongst the most ambitious data projects in any field of science. But these powerful tools will be impotent unless the data on which they operate are of matching quality. , like other fields of science, therefore needs to establish and agree on a set of guiding principles for the management of astronomical data. To focus this process, we are constructing a "data manifesto," which proposes guidelines to maximise the rate and cost-effectiveness of scientific discovery.

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