While road pricing (RP) is considered one of the most effective means of traffic demand management (TDM), its poor acceptability has been the greatest impediment to its implementation. The authors propose a "parking deposit system" (PDS) as a new form of highly acceptable RP, and the aim of this study is to examine PDS's superiority focusing primarily on acceptability. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated the greater acceptability of PDS compared with RP using the results of a questionnaire survey of the public (visitors to city centers). This study follows this up with a comparative analysis of the acceptability of PDS and RP from the standpoint of businesses, such as store proprietors and enterprises, and an investigation of the effectiveness of PDS.

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There are many kinds of stakes and trade-off among customers, store managers and car parking managers who cooperate with the operation of parking lots. This paper aims to evaluate the relationships among the stakeholders based on a questionnaire survey in the central area of Miyazaki City, where trial operation has been done. The analyses reveal as follows: 1) Trade-off problem on cost payment between the store managers and the parking managers is severe. 2) There are some conflicting evaluations for the cost payment, but half of them consider the system reasonable. 3) It is not low possibility to develop the cooperative operation. And the results suggest that local government should take an important role as one of stakeholders.

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This study has the following purposes. The first is to clarify the influence of spatial characteristics of the central commercial district of Kyoto City on the illegally-parked bicycles, by using Geographically Weighted Poisson Regression. The second is to clarify the spatial variability of this influence, illustrating the results by using Geographic Information System. As a result of this study, we have found out that both point characteristics related to surveillance and territoriality and area characteristics related to accessibility and removal risk statistically have a significant influence on the illegally-parked bicycles. Furthermore, we have clarified that this influence on the illegally-parked bicycles fluctuates spatially, according to a local condition.

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The aim of this study is to propose interregional Cap & Trade program on the land use basis by using Ecological Footprint (EF), and also to create new framework for regional and interregional policies aiming toward balanced environment national land use planning. The scheme of new framework introduces EF index in master plan for direction of land use, and can be used to conduct interregional Cap & Trade based on a footprint (environmental load) with uniform method for all local governments in the country. In addition, cost of interregional Cap & Trade program and policies for effective utilization of land resources implementation was estimated.

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This study aims to examine land use planning strategies in suburban areas considering urban retreat, by using Ecological Footprint (environmental load) and natural area (Carrying Capacity) analyzes. Analysis of residential zones developed using different methods, showed and quantitatively clarified that the environmental load per capita widely varies given the different land use situations after urban retreat and type of residential development in each district. Especially, environmental load per capita tends to increase in the case of deregulated development in sprawl areas. It is indicated that the land use planning based on restrained development contributes to the environmental load reduction and increase of carrying capacity, and these effects are observable in the building stock update interval of integrated development area. On the other hand, increase of environmental load per capita is not likely to occur in land readjustment areas without land use planning strategies.

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Several studies have already indicated that building of compact urban layout is significant countermeasure for reducing gasoline consumption and achieving sustainability. However, even if the citizens that have car dependent lifestyle move from suburbs to city center, not all of them simply abandon that kind of lifestyle. In order to clarify the change in travel behavior caused by relocation, in this study actual condition of the relationship between residential zone characteristics and the relocation intentions in the case of metropolitan area, using the nationwide data, were analyzed. It was clarified that the car usage increased especially in the suburban areas and there were many people hope to settle down though the car usage decreased in the city center of central city in metropolitan area. Moreover, this study also argues that the car dependence situation can change and environmental load can be decreased in reality by promoting compact city urban layout.

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This paper shows an approximate solution to restricted Weber problems with Weighted Regions. By measuring the shortest-path distances of a random Delaunay Network, we provide the method to convert Weber problems under complex situations into simple and practical problems of shortest-path finding on weighted networks. And, we verify that the weighted shortest-path of a Delaunay network approximately obeys both the rule of Snell's Law which describes the refraction of light and the one of Lensmaker's equation, as the exact shortest-path through weighted regions obeys theoretically. Moreover, we solved a sample Weber problem with free-shaped and weighted regions.

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It is necessary to have some method which we evaluate transportation service level by the area. In this paper, Quality of Mobility (QoM), which is based on the concept of Capability approach advocated by Amartya Sen, is defined as an integrated index which evaluates transportation service level. We conduct some scenarios based simulations by applying this method to the mobility evaluation in Yamaga city and propose the future transportation policy. As a result, concentrating the population into the city center and improving some arterial roads are effective in improving transportation service level and equity .

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In this study, a questionnaire survey is conducted for elderly people in the Osaki-Kamishima Island, which has suffered from depopulation and population aging. Structural Equation Models are built to analyze relationship between mobility and quality of life. By using these models, the following results are shown. First, if improvement of the mobility makes easy access to the medical facilities and makes exchange with people easier, quality of life of the elderly people can be better. Second, a further population ageing can make a situation that change in evaluation of the mobility gives bigger influence to easiness to use the medical facilities, exchange with people and quality of life of them.

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Questionnaire survey was carried out on outdoor activities for authorized day nurseries of Yokohama in 2007, in order to clarify the actual situation about utilization of parks for day nurseries as a childcare and education place and their demands for the parks. The analysis of the data, the survey results is summarized as follows: The frequency of the outdoor play of the nursery, 80% of authorized day nurseries and 90% of YOKOHAMAHOIKUSHITU answered more than "once a week". It is also clarified that 70% nursery answered to use park once a week were block parks. According these analysis, the authors elucidates that the block park is very special place of outdoor play.

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In this article, we developed a branch office location model of a business service firm. This model is based on the two-echelon inventory allocation model considering stochastic demand. Firstly, we confirmed validity of our model through reproducing three typical location patterns extracted by factor analysis, which are strongly concentrated location, dispersed location and moderately concentrated location. Secondly, we supposed location environmental changes by the progress of ICT, and calculated the change of branch office location. Thirdly, we extended the model for headquarters location and assessed the effect of inter-firm linkage to the concentration to Tokyo. As a result, it was showed that the location of business service firm will proceed to be concentrating on a few large cities.

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By the revision of the City Planning Law of Japan in 2006, the location of retails which exceed 10000m2 is strictly controlled compare with the previous planning laws. However, smaller sized retails, such as retails along the trunk road, have negative impact to the town centre revitalization. The purpose of this study is to clarify the situation of retail locations along the trunk road, and how they effect to the town centre retails. The study firstly reviews the number and kinds of road-side uses along the Route 16, followed by the analysis of retail structure on the Route 16 in Kisarazu City. From the analysis, sales of retails along the Route 16 are high, and negative impact can be seen to the town centre retails. Accordingly, development control of retail development on the trunk road is also essential for town centre revitalization.

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According to industrial structure change, there are many vacant lots in suburb industrial estates of local municipalities. The revisions to three Machizukuri law are intended to strict newly developments of large commercial facilities in suburbs, but many vacant lots in such estates may water down the revision, since many of these lots are designated as zones where commercial facilities can be developed. This paper aims to investigate large-scale commercial developments in such estates and to point out land use planning issue. It studies a case of Tochigi prefecture and finds out that there are 2 estates with commercial facilities. In each estate, zoning has been changed to attract facilities and amount of commercial area is as big as that of downtown. These developments are necessary to fill lots, but their location should be examined carefully regarding downtown invigoration policy and commercial structure.

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Planning officials, researchers and practitioners are much concerned in urban restructuring and reorganizing city planning area caused by merger of municipalities. The planning activities are conditioned by the urban structure, therefore city planning area should be reorganized in conformity with restructured image of the merged municipality. Based on the case studies in Akita prefecture, this paper concludes the following ; 1) the urban structure is restructured as the decentralized-network urban core type, 2) for actualizing the urban structure, city planning area should extend for not only facilitating urban development but also restricting uncontrolled development.

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In order to cope with newly raised urban issues, such as, population decrease, aging society, fiscal constraint of the governments, global warming and so on, urban transportation planning system in Japan shall be reconstituted to consider these demographic, socio-economic and environmental situation. In this research, comparison study of the urban transportation planning systems, and their regal frameworks, organizations concerned, subsidies by the national and local governments and planning procedures in France, USA, Germany, UK and Japan was carried out through the interviews to the central and local governments as well as literature surveys. Some implications, including linkage between planning, implementation and operation, scenario analysis, quantitative target, integration methodology between transportation and land use were induced.

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In Japan, social background such as the severe financial conditions, increasing interest in the global environmental problem, the change of the needs of people requests clearer account for the investment of the infrastructure. Therefore the legitimacy of the superior plans which gives the grounds of investment on infrastructure becomes more necessary. Then, this study paid attention to the planning system in French and researched the structure and the process of them. Furthermore, the operation of the current planning system and the coordination between plans has been investigated for an example in Lyon metropolitan area. Based those researches, useful suggestions for how the planning system in Japan will be has been obtained.

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In this paper, the difference of a trip length and the Euclidean distance between two endpoints of a trip is proposed as a new index for analyzing the spatial structure of transportation network. This value means the extra distance one has to travel over a network in comparison with the direct distance between two points. By examining the distribution of this value for various pairs of points within a city, efficiency of trips over a given network can be analyzed. We explicitly derive this measure using two square city models with rectangular grid network.

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Spatial tessellation is one of the most important spatial structures in urban areas. It represents census tracts, postal zones, market areas, soil patterns, and so forth. Spatial tessellations in the same region are often closely related with each other. School districts are sometimes based on administrative units, while market areas of different categories of shops affect with each other. This paper proposes a method for analyzing the relationship among spatial tessellations. Similarity between tessellations is evaluated by granularity and hierarchy. Relationship among tessellations is represented by a network structure and visualized as a two-way tree. The method is applied to the analysis of two sets of spatial tessellations to reveal the properties of the method and its measures as well as empirical findings. Keywords: spatial tessellations, hierarchy, granularity

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Changes of use and site location of buildings are critical and basic information for urban planning, urban development regulation, and preparation plan of infrastructure. Though detailed time-series data of buildings are now available, most of the earlier studies are qualitative analysis. This paper introduces a new quantitative method for analyzing building use and location in urban area, especially in middle scale commercial districts. First, we plot the gross floor area along major streets in the target districts, where the vertical axis indicates the percentage on sum total of gross floor area and the horizontal axis indicates the distance from the core of the district. Then we calculate two indices measuring accumulation tendency of gross floor area relative to uniformly distributed case. Finally, we propose a hypothesis when the use and distribution of buildings change drastically in commercial districts in Tokyo by analyzing detailed building data for fifteen years.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore bifurcation patterns of equilibrium population in a core-periphery model with multiple industries in the framework of new economic geography.We extend the Forslid and Ottaviano(2003) model with a single industry to a multi industry model in which each labor chooses both cities and industries. We reveal that specialization for industry with small elasticity of substitution occurs in the largest city and specialization for industry with large elasticity of substitution occurs in the other cities.

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This article aims to study conditions of studio and housing which artists demand for their practice and production and based on this, to analyze policies that attract artists. From the analyses, we found the following tendencies. 1) Affordable rental fee for both studios and houses, and their easy traffic access are both preferred for all kinds of genres. 2) The demand on the studio varies depending on the type of arts. 3) Urban and cultural atmosphere were both preferred for housing. Based upon these results, we compared the policies of four major cities (Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Kobe) that aim to attract artists to their areas and found there are no links between the foothold and residential area of those artists, and consequently holistic policies are lacking.

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This paper is an attempt to characterize citation of Journal of the City Planning Institute of Japan in domestic journals related to urban planning. We compare the average citation per article published in such a journal with those in Journal of Architecture and Planning, Journal of Infrastructure Planning and Management, and Landscape Research Japan. The study shows a declining pattern in the number of times the journals cited which was confirmed using the negative exponential distribution. Then we compute half-lives and density of articles which may be cited. We also described the relationships of journals related to urban planning, based on the citation distribution of journals.

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Recently there is an ongoing effort to reduce automobile dependency to decrease CO₂ emission. Though "compact city" is widely used term for this purpose, its clear definition is not established. Especially, it is not clear that which effect is more significant, "increase of population density" or "functional urban layout". Firstly, this study aims to catch time series trend of automobile CO₂ emission in 38 Japanese cities from 1987 to 2005 based on National Person Trip Survey. Secondly, effects of several types of "functional urban layouts" are examined by the regression model. It is clarified that automobile CO₂ emission is still increasing in each city, especially in local city. "Functional urban layouts", such as the corridor urban form is recommended for less automobile CO₂ emission based on statistical analysis.

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We will show a micro-economic based quantitative analysis scheme to evaluate the degree of compactness of cities that takes into accounts 1) the utility theory based on transportation and composite goods consumption behavior, and 2) a consistency between the level of utility and energy consumption. Such scheme is sometimes used in microeconomic modeling for policy analysis. However, we evaluate such the spatial structure of urban form as a transportation network configuration and land use condition that can reduce the energy consumption and get cities much compact.

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In this paper, evaluation methodology for cogeneration district energy system, which provides not only electricity, but also heat energy is discussed. First, evaluation scope and argument point for evaluation of cogeneration system is identified. Second, to find out how system scope and framework affect evaluation result, efficiency of virtual district energy system, which contains high electric efficiency gas engine cogeneration system, has calculated. Through this model analysis, influence of scope and framework for evaluation result has clarified so that means optimization in subsystem doesn't assure optimization of whole system. Finally, based on the model analysis results, this paper proposed hypothesis that city planning may play important role to realize energy consumption reduction with the use of district energy system, by creating development plan of district energy system.

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This study aims to clarify the actual conditions of the gated communities(GCs) in Metro Manila, Philippine. Interviews were conducted on the Home Owners Associations, local governments, and developers in Metro Manila. As a result, the followings were made clear. 1. GCs are categorized into 2 types by the security level and 5 types by the relationship to the main roads and neighbors. 2. Residents, developers and local governments regard the merit of GCs as safety and demerit of GCs as traffic problems. 3. The development of gated communities weaken public sphere which is composed of public space and public system.

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This paper argues the role and the significance of the Redevelopment Corporation for the Old City of Barcelona (PROCIVESA). This city council-funded corporation was established in 1989, and their principal purposes were 1) to advance land expropriation in order to realize the regeneration projects proposed in the Special Plan for Urban Renewal in 1985 for three different districts for the historic center, 2) to promote rehabilitation of the existing buildings and construction of new housing in which the dislocated local inhabitants would accommodate would accommodate, and 3) revitalize the economic activities within the district. Established the well-combined partnership between different administrations and public-private partnership, the PROCIVESA could be the chief actor of the regeneration redevelopment for some 15 years, achieving a satisfactory level of urban transformation in Barcelona.

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This paper is the study about city planning history in China, Modern Times. In particular, this paper aims to describe the process of reconstruction of urban space and development of residential area about Suzhou, Zhonghua Minguo period. The government led to form new city by modern city planning in 1920's. The government of Suzhou did legislate new urban planning in 1927. The results are as follows. 1) They did execute the widening of existent roads, and the building of the new roads. 2) They did build new parks and new markets. 3) There were improved old canals and old houses. 4) The central area became the public space such as a park, the school. 5) The residential area was developed by individual, bank, investor and etc. This study analyzed one facet of the Chinese city planning history, modern times.

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Lewis Mumford attempted to establish the basic principles upon which our human environment may be renovated. He published The Culture of Cities (1938), City Development (1946), City in History (1961), and The Urban Prospect (1968). Mumford is one of the few theoreticians of the city who invented comprehensive theories of urban life that combined functional and normative theory, while he was a highly relevant critic of culture of cities, with great breadth and depth, and originality. However, due to his difficult writing style, there are only few interpretive scholarships on his ideas: his thoughts still remain untapped resources for planners. This paper examines his basic principles of city and regional planning that were established on the basis of Patrick Geddes urban ecology and Ebenezer Howards Garden City ideas

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Gyoji Banshoya is a Japanese planner who worked for the urban planning in the Middle East and the North Africa as lifework. After graduation from the seminar of Kiyoshi Seike, he studied under the supervision of G.Hanning and G.Candillis in ATBAT. Then he worked in Alger for the housing that permits Muslims and Christians coexist. As an expert of UNDP, he started in1962 to work in Beirut, Damascus and Aleppo with M.Ecochard. Refering to the CIAM policies, they tried to preserve the old cities by way of activation with introducing modern roads. In fact they made the masterplans of these three cities. Unfortunately, some movements against their modernist policies happened, and Banshoya retired in adversity. However, his works are still great and should be considered with detailed examination of his planning policies. This might be an introduction to the story of the Middle Eastern urban planning.

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Eika Takayama is one of the pioneers of city planning studies in Japan. However his academic achievements had never been recognized. This paper clarified the tracks of the Eika Takayama's academic approach for city planning before his famous academic article "Toshi-Keikaku no Houho ni tsuite (On methods of city planning)". He studied housing, standards of popular dwellings and neighborhood units in particular at first. Then, he started to study theories of city-scale planning by using the concept of "density" based on his experiences of housing studies, in order to develop the Tokyo remodeling plan during the war. After the war, he worked out the some methods of city planning based on combinations of "density", "arrangement" and "movement".

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In recent years, Japan's population has continually decreased and grown older. It is widely believed that centralized urban housing will play a vital role in the future design of cities. With the needs of elderly citizens in mind, this research focused on the creation of a walkable urban environment taking into account the distance people are satisfied traveling to and from urban facilities. Focusing on the distance traveled to these facilities from the perspective of residents, a functional evaluative model for residential areas was successfully created, and key indicators for the evaluation of residential environments identified. This functional evaluative model was then applied to regional areas, and the present state of the overall residential environment was evaluated. This research finds that residential districts located closer to downtown areas rate more highly than those placed farther away.

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We conducted a questionnaire survey of households using day nurseries in two local cities that have different city structures to study the status of having job, the role share of taking children to and from a day nursery between parents, and the awareness of simultaneous pursuit of child rearing and having job, of the households. We found that the difference of time and transportation means required for commuting and kinds of job affect said factors.

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In this study, firstly the author revealed the process of transition from Traditional Neighborhood Organization to Neighborhood Association (Cho-kai) in Tokyo area. Secondly the author tried to clarify the relation between the area of Neighborhood Organization and this process focusing on border, topography, village shrine and peculiar activity in three districts (Jyu-jyo, Higasimukoujima and Shikahama). The conclusion as follows; In Jyu-jyo district, the characteristic of Traditional Neighborhood Organization was lost in the Ordering Cho-kai in tokyo area. In the other districts, the borders, village shrines and peculiar activities effected not to change the Organization in spite of urbanization and the Ordering Cho-kai in Tokyo area. The relation between regional place and the process of transition of Neighborhood Organization affected the feature of present Neighborhood Association.

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This paper aims to study peace memorial city in the field of planning idea. Among the many ideas proposed after the war, in Hiroshima, there were the idea of peace memorial facilities and the idea of peace memorial city as a whole, however those proposes were not always appointed to carry out for the fiscal crisis and materials deficiency. Therefore the planning idea led up to the enactment of Bill for Construction of Hiroshima Eternal Peace Commemorating City which took an active part to carry out those proposes as the strong system. At the same time, this planning idea was not examined deeply but became formally influential. The above is the formation process of this planning idea.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the conversion of the military grounds in Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo, and Maizuru. I analyze the documents of the council of national properties in the former naval port cities from 1950 to 1976. It was the one of most important theme for the former naval port cities that how to use former military grounds. So, a large amount of former military grounds of total 1,784ha were converted to factories, parks, schools, water supplies, and the public housings, etc. And I can point out the following points. The conversion of former military grounds was continuously executed until 1976. The military grounds were mainly converted by private sector. Selling off was done for the private sector, and free distribution was done to the public sector. The land use after conversion often depended on the kind of military grounds.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the green space policies responding to urbanization on the fringe of Tokyo Wards Area in the 1950's and 60's. As the result of the study of 3 green space policies,the following 3points were emerged. 1)Based on the capital region plan in 1958, large parks in proposed green belt were built with government subsidies. 2)Riverside green spaces, private recreation areas and prescient forests were authorized in city plan as green open spaces. 3)In Green District, the basic policy of building restriction had been changed to control urban development and establish green spaces. Many land readjustment projects and housing development projects were carried out. Though Green District was all abolished in 1969,the areas have been controlled effectively under the city planning law.

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North manufacture Toatsu which was located in Hokkaido Sunagawa city (the Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. Hokkaido factory place) had developed employee's house town. We pursued its transfiguration process, and considered concerning the succession of the cultural resources of the area in city planning under population decrease. As a result, the residence facility, the sport facility and the cultural hall, the store, the medical treatment facility it could verify the transfiguration in the decrease process of population, that respectively. Several of these facilities and cultural activities being advanced through the measure of the self-governing community, was succeeded in the community which was left to area as a public resources. The facility and the functional transfiguration form which were formed in employee's house town not only disappearance, it could classify with diversification, succession and reorganization.

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Landscape Act of 2004 is expected to provide practical effect to developing better landscape and 99 legal Landscape Plans were established by the end fiscal year of 2007. We classify the contents of the Landscape Plans in the early stage and conducted questionnaire survey to reveal the diversity in planning and its implementation to materialize local interests. As a result, we found that local governments have some difficulties in judgment of conformity to the restriction on design features without numerical criteria and that pre-application consultation for better design and ordinance which is supplementary to the Act are necessary for effective implementation.

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This paper aims to analyze the effect and limit of landscape plan in the landscape Act. We classified the regulation standards of the landscape plan and the analyzed questionnaires and hearing contents for the local governments which have the landscape plan. It is concluded that Many local governments have the quantitative color standards and the design standard. On the other hand, in the review meeting, they focus on the color of the building and not so much on design. We could categorize local government into the 5types and find effective implementation depends on the each character of the local government.In the view point of legal power, We cannot use the effective height control with landscape law. So, Effective cooperation with the several planning systems is necessary to create a good landscape environment.

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This paper aims to obtain finding to promote use of "Public Open Space" and "Effective Open Space" as lively space. Findings are as follows: 1.Through survey of "Japan-Architect" magazine, fifty two articles which contain planning concepts are found. 2.These are classified into five types. Those planning concept have been changed from Assistance of Transportation-system and Landscape-Planting to Lively Space and Creation of Image. 3.In the latter case, a trend that movable devices to achieving lively space are frequently put are revealed through firsthand observations. 4.Through behavior tracking survey, three factors to achieve lively space and two factors to fall in failure are revealed.

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Height control district is one of the zoning districts which regulate the height of the building and it affects urban landscapes as well as economic aspects. But actually the approach and the contents of the regulation vary from the cities without the abstract guideline. Accordingly the purpose of the study is to obtain the view that contributes the setting of height limit by the height control district. The author studied cost and benefit analysis using hedonic approach. The conclusion differs owing to the characteristics of the areas. It is observed that the cost tends to be larger in case of applying strict limit to the areas where not a few high rise buildings already exist, whereas the benefit tends to be larger in case of applying not so strict regulation to the areas where there're not so many high rise buildings.

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This study aims to develop a system for quantitatively evaluating the quality of residential environment in terms of a quality of life indicator. This system consists of two models. One is for extracting quantitative indices for residential environmental elements from the general spatial data such as digital house maps, satellite images, etc.. The other is for deciding the structure to evaluate residential environmental elements in terms of quality of life. The application of this system to a actual city shows that the quality of artificial environment is higher in the central area and that of natural environment is higher in the suburban area. The individual perception of residential environment is different among the residents with different life styles.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the effect and rationality of historic preservation by transfer of development rights (TDR). First, we calculate the externalities of the five cases by a hedonic approach. As a result, it is shown that historic preservation by TDR has positive externalities in the neighborhood, while historic buildings or developments with eased Floor Area Ratio (FAR) themselves don't necessarily have significant effects. Second, we conduct qualitative analysis on these five cases, and find that there are such ripple effects as attracting more people, improving city landscape and creating character with historic ambience. As a conclusion, it is surely reasonable to realize historic preservation by TDR if they try to create these multiplied effects.

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In the metropolitan industrial accumulation area such as the eastern part of Osaka City, there is an accumulation of small or medium-scale factories with an advanced network for dealings to manufacture high-value-added products. In recent years, however, there is a tendency that the factories are closed and the sites are replaced with houses and flats in the area. Then, the disordered land use brings various problems and deteriorates both residential and industrial environments. Thus, nowadays, the land use plan to control new housing location and to maintain factories' operation is necessary. In this paper, our aim is to examine the realities of the housing location in the industrial accumulation area and to analyze the actual condition of operating land use policy. Then, finally, we propose a policy to the restriction of disordered housing location.

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The construction of the interurban transportation network in Japan, which made centralized national land structure, has caused many problems, for example depopulation and decline of local city. Now, we must construct interurban transportation network in order to promote region's growth and to make decentralized national land structure. So we must analyze quantitatively the effect of interurban transportation on regions and national land structure. And frequency is an important characteristic of interurban transportation and have rarely considered. Then we try to clarify the relation between potential of interurban transportation and the region's growth with Expected Value of Generalized Costs; the index to evaluate the transportation network in consideration of frequency.

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An interaction whose main purpose is sightseeing in Shikoku is analyzed in this study. An interaction index is proposed which can evaluate influence on the region of destination quantitatively in consideration of economic consumption. Economic consumption values along with the sojourn time at the destination region. An interaction model is formulated by constructing a consumer behavior model which is based on the Utility Maximization Theory. In order to develop a method to measure the degree of influence due to interaction, parameters of this model are estimated. As a result, it is clarified that interaction is influenced by travel cost, attraction of destination region and relationship between regions. In addition, degree of influence on areas in Shikoku by interaction is calculated in simulation.

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Recently, a social demand for a sustainable rebuilding of the healthy urban areas is growing with succession of regional history, culture and identity. Many cities have made an attempt on shifting a sustainable circulative urban structure for coping with an urban problem and a social demand. In Korea, the sustainable urban Regeneration has begun in earnest in the 1990s. The Cheonggyechon Restoration Project of Seoul is one of urban regeneration projects. This project removed a high-level road that reached around 5Km from center of Seoul and restored to the Cheonggyechon River. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consensus building strategy for potential of conflict of The Cheonggyechon Restoration Project.

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Public involvement (PI) has been introduced into road planning processes at the concept stage in Japan.However,Chinese citizens have few opportunities to access planning processes.In order to document the PI practice in road planning at project-level against the municipal legislative requirement and to clarify residents' perception of PI,this paper focuses on the Tianjin Urban Ring Expressway project and presents findings of a recent survey among the residents.It is concluded that the residents are dissatisfied with the PI practice and are demanding for involvement. Chinese citizens need a proper and legal way to express their opinions for protecting their primary rights and interests.

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This study discusses administrative litigation concerning the city planning roads that have been left unimproved for a prolonged period. Underlying each of these cases is recognition of the unreasonableness that city planning restrictions continue to be imposed despite changes in socio-economic circumstances and local environmental conditions. In principle, city planning is a balance of stability and continuity against change and flexibility. However, in practice, it is rarely altered once put into place due to insensitivity to the passage of time due to the understanding that property rights, once restricted by city planning, should be guaranteed prudently. Finally, for improvement and review of the city planning road, this study advocates (a) just enforcement of the legal obligation to alter city planning and institutionalization of city planning with time limits, (b) enrichment of basic city planning survey, (c) and institutional reform of city planning proposal system.

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