In this study, we show the outline of the system which supports the Inhabitants Activity in Gunma. The inhabitants and the staff of the city hall carry out the activity, eagerly. Then, we analyzed the relations of the attraction of the town and the Inhabitants Activity. We analyzed it with Factor Analysis and Covariance Structure Analysis. As a result, we made clear that the attraction of the town improved, if Inhabitants Activity became active with enthusiasm. We judged this support system to be superior.

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Based on evaluated cases of designated managers in Tokyo and Shizuoka Prefecture, this paper considered appropriateness of adopting results of user satisfaction surveys that often used at present in order to grasp outside opinions as one of viewpoints to evaluate designated managers. First, items and level of work were compared with user satisfaction between similar parks. Secondly, satisfaction toward park use was compared with satisfaction toward park maintenance and customer service. The results showed that it was inappropriate to use results of current user satisfaction surveys for evaluation of park management

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Tourism can be recognized as a useful tool for regional rejuvenation even in a mobile society. This study was carried out in Shibetsu, Hokkaido to illustrate effectiveness of tourism development for regional rejuvenation. The result of this study shows that tourism contributes to the establishment of regional networks. These networks have two characteristics; connecting different types of actors and consisting of horizontal links between autonomous actors. The author proposes four consecutive steps of the management process for regional rejuvenation by tourism development. These steps are 1) establishing regional networks, 2) promoting organizational learning through networks, 3) creating new activities based on regional networks, and 4) building the system for sustainable regional rejuvenation.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the evacuation vulnerability quantitatively considering the risk of fire in large earthquake. First, we define three indices which assess the vulnerability: unattainability to evacuation site, expected evacuation distance, and refugee density. Second, we construct a network model on which we assume refugees evacuate toward evacuation sites avoiding fire, based on the calculation of the probability of fire on each node. Third, we consider the pattern where fire could occur by using Monte Carlo Simulation, and evaluate the evacuation vulnerability in Tokyo ward area. We found out that the risk of fire makes evacuation distance longer, especially in areas with higher probability of fire or inadequate assignment, and that change in destination or route to evacuation site results in decrease of unattainability or expected evacuation distance.

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The problems that different land use control systems exist together in one local authority have been caused by merger of municipalities. The intention to the reorganization of City Planning Area (hereafter CPA) of the local authorities which execute city planning substantially will influence the decision of prefectural divisions about CPA. Then, we extract 109 nationwide municipalities thought to have caused the necessity of the reorganization of CPA due to the merger of municipalities and execute the questionnaire survey. We clarify that there are a lot of municipalities that have not decided a concrete reorganization method though the many municipalities think that they should reorganize CPA with integration or expansion.

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Backed by decentralization, municipalities in recent years are steadily consolidated, significantly changing the administrative districts of the municipalities. Such reality has exposed issues (inconsistencies) that exist in the relationship between the land use recommended by the city planning law, and the administrative district of the municipality, which directly reflects the district's intentions. This study clarifies the impact caused by consolidations of municipalities, and policies to countermeasure such an impact, on the 1) land use regulations by the city planning system; 2) city planning tax; and 3) development ordinances related to land use, by conducting a survey using questionnaire among municipalities across the country, thus addresses the above issues (inconsistencies) regarding land use, and indicates measures against them.

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In small municipalities, the public services are generally provided with small amount of financial resources. Thus the administrative and financial planning process should ensure to discuss the public policies which can satisfy public needs effectively and include them in the final plan. However, it is difficult to prioritize the administrative sectors. Also, it is hard for residents to respond the public needs survey which is designed to collect detailed needs of all sectors. This study aims to propose decision support system for planning administrative and financial planning. Specifically, the survey method and evaluation method which are useful for the respondents and planners are developed. Then we apply this system to small municipality named Sakaiminato City in Japan in order to demonstrate how it works.

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Concurrency between development and provision of public facilities is one of the major subjects for growth control. In order to address this issue, 13 counties and 13 cities in Maryland State introduced Adequate Public Facilities Ordinances (APFO). APFO covers schools, roads, water and sewerage, police, fire fighting, and parks. If these public facilities are not sufficient, development applications are declined or suspended until facilities are constructed according to a capital improvement plan. For effective use of APFO, it is necessary to provide sufficient financial resources to construct public facilities, countermeasures to cope with rise of housing price and reduction of housing supply due to impact fee charged to developers and moratorium, and cooperation between a county and cities.

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This study clarifies the development and urban area formation caused by irregular situation of the city planning administration and the development administration for the Reversed Area Divided district applied Ordinance 3411. As a result, the followings become clear. As a strategy avoiding dissatisfaction with the regulation strengthening caused by Reverse Area Division, the district of Ordinance 3411 for Reverse Area Divided area was designated. In the reverse Area Divided district, the developments have proceeded not only by Existing Lot System but also by the newly provided development examination committee standard or application of Ordinance 3411 after abolishing the system. As a result, like the development by Existing Lot System, the urban area has been formed in the district where the infrastructure was poor.

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This study clarifies the land use and institutional problem of dispersed settlement for Tonami City and Takaoka City located in Tonami plains in Toyama Prefecture, and aims to propose the land use control manual method in the dispersed settlement of the future. From the research, we can point out that there is a problem in the application of the agricultural promotion system of Toyama Prefecture as a background to which development in Area of the Land for Agricultural Use is easily done like Tonami City. Features of this system are that the possibility of development rises if the lots for artificial use exist from the development site within 50m. As a result, development happens frequently in Tonami City where the regulation is loose.

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The first purpose of this study is to investigate the best allotment, between prefectures and municipalities, of the authority to decide city planning. After the First Decentralization Reform, the situations of the allotment of the authority aren't clear. So, this study aims to clarify it at first. In this study, the following things were clarified. Some kinds of city planning are decided by only prefectures, some kinds of city planning are decided by only municipalities, and other kinds of city planning are allotted and decided by prefectures and municipalities. And the authority of the city planning decision has been gradually transferred from prefectures to municipalities after 1990's. At the end of this thesis, six points under discussion were presented to investigate the best allotment of the authority.

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Sub-region has become highlighted as the spatial unit of regional development in England under the promotion of decentralization of government and private sector's engagement in public decision, and the increasing demand for inter-territorial approach to the challenges such as economic effectiveness. We describe the trends toward sub-regional governance both in terms of the discretion in planning and funding, and of the multi-area governance based on partnership among various stakeholders. We concluded as follows: 1) regional strategies and financial resources were supposed to be both integrated to RDA driven by the central government due to the lack of intra-regional coordination, 2) each region designated original boundaries of sub-region, and 3) sub-regional partnerships were shaped through the discussion of MAA supported by existing sub-regional linkage among stakeholders and the authorized local partnerships.

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We aimed to clarify determinants of household food security in a socio-economically vulnerable area. In more detail, we used individual data from the household survey conducted by the World Bank in East Timor in 2001, and applied a quantile regression method. Our results revealed that the more the number of non-family members who stayed together as dependents and the more the total amount of property damage due to the 1999 riot a household had, the lower the food expenditure per capita. In addition, it was found that the more social capital and the more own-consumption of livestock a household had, the higher the food expenditure per capita. Considering these results as a whole, the accumulation of social capital and the promotion of livestock raising for the purpose of own-consumption would be effective measures to lessen the negative impact of a socio-economic shock such as the 1999 riot and/or to improve household food security in the study site.

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This paper examines the role of the transnational networks of local and regional governments to face global warming in Europe. The transnational networks can be classified in "general", "regional" and "specialized" networks. The findings of this research are, 1) transnational networks are expanding related with EU environmental and energy policies after 90s. 2) While general networks are centering their activities in influencing EU policies, regional networks tackle with socioeconomic and environmental tasks comprehensively and specialized networks are addressing to climate change by transferring knowledge and good practices. 3) The local attempts against climate change are supported by a loose network of diversified transnational networks.

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When we find that residential location patterns are very strongly different among generations, most accessible location pattern of local public facilities for one generation does not assure good accessibility to other generations. This paper tries to discuss the inter-generation difference of the most accessible facility locations by solving p-Median problem for years from 1980 to 2000, based on the Population Census Data aggregated in regional meshes. When the number of located facilities are as small as two, or as many as the number of the candidate locations, no difference is found over the optimal locations. But when the number is in middle, the optimal locations have inter-generational differences, which might result in conflicts concerning on the public facility planning.

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This paper deals with energy sustainable planning system in London, and attempt to clarify how planning system either can be worked for tackling carbon dioxide emissions and high-growth of economy in the metropolis. The paper firstly reviews the energy planning system in London, followed by the analysis of energy system in all the major developments and Energy Action Areas. Solar, PV and Ground Source Heat Pump are major systems, and Combined Heat&Power is mostly considered all the major proposals based on the Mayor's energy hierarchies. As a result, a combination of development size and energy system, energy saving system for residential use and a combination with economic growth and development control should be considered in Tokyo as well.

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Maryland State has a long history of farmland preservation. Target preserved land has been expanded from natural resources to farmland and forest. Additional programs focus on preservation of environmentally critical land. Also, an integrated regional preservation program was introduced as one of smart growth programs. The purpose of these programs has been extended from preservation to control of sprawl. Conservative easement (development right) is applied to preserve land. However, achievement of target figure of preserved farmland is not easy because of budget fluctuation, voluntary base of sales of easement, and increase in easement price. Also, insufficient successors of farming and loopholes regarding farmland subdivision need another set of countermeasures.

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This study aims at the usage and the change of the residential leasehold in the UK. The Building Lease came into the latter half of 19th century. Under the Building Lease the leaseholder expenses the building cost, but the leaseholder should leave the house without any compensation at the end of the leasehold term. The UK government made The Leasehold Reform Act 1967. The law had influenced the whole leasehold system. The management body in Letchworth has managed the Garden City based on the leasehold system and has kept the sight and the living environment in good condition. Most of the tenure has been changed leasehold to freehold,but leasehold system is still basically used to control living environment by Letchworth Garden City Heritage Foundation.

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This paper aims to analyze the effect and limit of residential development control through the Machizukuri ordinance of Kokubunji City that is strengthened the standards by not only delegatory standards by City Planning Act but also independent standards. It is concluded that road improvement and prevention of site subdivision are realized regardless of delegatory standards or independent standards , but tree planting and external wall setback of building are not complied in part because the companies of the housing construction are different from residential land development. It is necessary to add some incentive menu of deregulation as to development standards depending on the regional characteristic for the effective control for residential land development through Machizukuri ordinance.

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In Asian cities, including those of Japan, projects for building multi-story residential buildings are now highly promoted. On the other hands, dealing with old tall building is becoming a significant problem. This study focused on the building rehabilitation project by Urban Renewal Authority in Hong-Kong, where 99% of the population resides in apartment buildings. This project is a part of urban renewal plan. We investigated their methods and evaluated the effect on urban renovation. Our observations and interviews suggested that the effect of this project was not a radial solution; however it has potential to induce maintenance and activation of the community and activation of real estate market.

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I analyze the measure of the collaboration in urban development of Suita-shi in many years past, and am pursuing about the design of a "place", or the scheme of administration support. The following points became clear as a result of analysis. (1) Administration needs to use a "place" and an "organization" properly. (2) It is important for administration by taking in WS positively that citizens do production of atmosphere which can share real intention. (3)Administration speaks also to the citizen who experienced the coordination force and facilitation widely as an executive office member. (4) Administration needs to show citizens goods first at worst at an enterprise schedule.

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The objective of this paper is to grasp the framework of planning for city center regeneration in case of related with city and university. There are several phenomenal activities of city regeneration in the north part of England, and civic universities which were established in these cities have been played an important role of the planning phase of regeneration. So, the author analyzed the spatial planning framework through both master plan of campus and city in Sheffield. Major characteristics show; (1) university carry out many projects using external funding and collaboration with public and private sector, (2) university has the strategic planning of improvement of public realm in campus, (3) there are close relationship with regional economic and physical planning, (4) the integration of university's projects with improvement of public space.

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Many cities in Japan try to preserve the historical streets now. But the carpenter's skill to preserve the historical streets is steadily declining. In short, one of the ways of the city planning of preserving the historical streets ignores the carpenter's skill. Then this study investigates an example of the city planning for preserving the historical streets and points out the problems in Kyoto. Moreover, this study investigates some examples of the city planning that carpenters participate and finally considers the method of the city planning that makes use of carpenter's skill.

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This study aims to understand actual conditions of transportation in adult day service programs. Based on the questionnaire and the observation about conducting transportation service, we found some issues of the behavioral environment; a) Parking spaces for adult day service are indispensable near the residences. The approach with barrier makes not only danger, but discomfort for other users in long waiting time. b) It is important to visualize the entrance. Lack of maintenance puts users in danger, and it is difficult for care staffs to navigate them to their house inside. c) Support by the family is very effective. However, users who can't depend the family need a kind of assisted service for getting on and off at their residences.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of strolling and the factors for changing strolling courses in the area where a bridge was newly built. The case study area is the central area of Miyazaki-City, in which Tenman-bridge was newly built in 2006. A questionnaire survey was conducted over strolling people. This paper firstly analyzed the characteristics of strolling such as purpose, course, time and distance. Then, the course changes were analyzed based on elemental links and the relation with favorite links. Finally, the factors of course changing were identified. This paper revealed that, in planning new roads/bridges suitable for strolling, it is important to consider surrounding circumstances and to integrate attractive places into various strolling courses which have 3-4km distances.

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Recently, the necessity of community and urban planning aiming at crime prevention of children is increasing rapidly. However, there are few empirical evidences that are used as the basis of concrete measures for child safety. This study aimed to identify actual conditions of living activities and crime victimizations of children through questionnaire survey that had been conducted in Kobe city, Hyogo prefecture. As a result of investigation for 2396 children and 1875 parents, the followings were indentified. a) Children were walking alone about a quarter of distances of children's whole walk actions, and they tended to walk in specific hours and areas. b) Crime victimizations of children were concentrated on the specific hours and areas. c) The hours and areas were not always covered by existing programs for child safety. These results suggested that it is necessary to consider characteristics of child activities in order to improve child safety effectively.

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Every day children in elementary school walk to school through their school routes. They spend a lot of time on their school routes and have various experiments there such as feeling nature, and saying hello to people. At present, school route is discussed in a variety of aspects. For example, safety of school route is very important to protecting children against increasing street crimes and traffic accidents. On the other hand the experience on the route is also valuable for children grow up richly. This paper researches the environment of school route on the basis of viewpoint of children who go to an elementary school and examine children's desire to their school routes. First this paper carries out the questionnaire survey for children and clarifies their consciousness to the school routes. Then it evaluates the ideal school route environment that children write and draw in the questionnaires.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify issues with safe school zone by using school zone maps, the traffic yearbooks and the hearing results to education authorized personnel. The object of this study is all municipal elementary schools in Fukuoka city. The major findings include the followings. 1) The four types of school zone about the target elementary schools were extracted. 2) School zone maps are enough drawings to grasp environment about attending school. 3) Many dangerous places about traffic were extracted in crossings with narrow road and single roads. 4) It is necessary to describe attractive regional resource in school zone maps in order to promote more significant attending school. 5) It is important that school zone is put on the activity of local residents in community road.

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The central urban district declines on many local cities by locating the large retail facilities in the suburb. On the other hand, the law or the regulation is revised for controlling the location to the suburb of the large retail facilities. The purpose of this study is to analyze what kind of influence is given to the central shopping area, in case of the large complex retail facilities were located to the around central area.

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The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of constructs to streetscape evaluation in the area where many conversion shops are opened. At first, we tried to find the correlations between constructs and streetscape ratiing by correlation coefficient, using the scores on semantic differential scales. A factor analysis of the 29item factories evaluation showed 9upper factors. Secondly we analyzed the relation between impression factors and pattern factors and try to make a relational model of the elements composing spaces and spatial impression. The result lead to the conclusion that the spatial evaluation structure should be described according to the characteristics of the scene of life and townscape.

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Covered arcades have been constructed in many shopping streets. However, most of them are coming to their life now. Considering the decline tendency of shopping streets in recent years, it will be thought that the shopping street removing their arcades increases in the future. This study focuses on removal of covered arcades. Firstly, we suggested future trends of covered arcades. Secondly, and examined the details of removals and following efforts. Then, we searched for factors they can carry out removal effectively. The outcome depended on whether they renewed their individual store and street positively after removal. However it is necessary to be recognized as a supplementary project by the city government, while the individual shop owners must invest in their own shopping street.

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The purpose of this research is to consider the issues concerning planning methods of quality countryside houses from the viewpoint of sustainability of the local community. Satoyama Club, which is the non-profit organization in Toyama, has been developing Hirakigaoka housing development in the suburbs of Toyama. Through a case study of this development, the following points of an argument to planning methods were found: One is the rigidity of the procedure to plan quality countryside houses causes some restrictions on resident participation, especially taking a cooperative approach. The other is the typical house design makes attribution of community members unified and the sustainability unstable.

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The planned residential areas consist of detached houses are faced with some problems such as aging of population, and increase of superannuated houses and residential environmental deterioration. The planned residential areas will take various problems and characteristics with the time of development, the location and so on. It is important to recognize the existing condition and trend of planned residential areas systematically to solve the problems. This paper aims to clarify the problems and characteristics of planned residential areas with detached houses in Daegu, Korea. We analyzed the fundamental investigation for city planning of Daegu, Korea. The result indicates that the aging of population is preceding more in residential areas developed earlier.

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Various land trust and community land trust organizations have actively contributed to the maintenance of natural environments and improvement of living environments in the U.S. Currently, land trust and community land trust organizations have begun community design project and have begun to cooperate with each other with the city region. This paper report the community design project of land trust and community land trust organizations and clarifies why land trust and community land trust organizations have begun to cooperate with each other, considering the significance of cooperation and the possibility to develop community design.

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Alleys form human-scaled and attractive environments with buildings along them. Recently, some machizukuri projects are tackled to keep alleys' moods. But new constructions along alleys are required to be set back to enlarge the width of alleys by article 42 the 2nd clause of the Building Standard Law. This paper analyzes real condition of improvement of alleys and rules of building activity of "Undertaking for Townscape Improvement" areas in 160 municipalities nation widely, and case study on improvement of built environments along alleys in Fukushimajuku-syuhen district in order to clarify conditions of manage to keep built environments by guiding not to rebuild but to repair and modify exist constructions.

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The paper aims to investigate influences on functions of the central business area of Tokyo from large urban redevelopment projects. We conducted the case study of Otemachi-Marunouchi-Yurakucho area and clarified the future vision of the area through examining various master-plans and records of discussions among public and private sectors' stakeholders. We also investigated the process of realizing the future vision from the viewpoints of the change of the area's functions. The results of our research clarified the following issues: 1) In this area, various non-office use functions have been installed in addition to upgrading of core office functions, that leaded to the successful emergence of the new multiple-functions urban core with global competitiveness for a short period, 2) The outcome of the area can be regarded as a successful practice of the Japanese public-private partnership.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze crime prevention performance for the urban space based on Space Syntax theory focusing on Surveillance and Territoriality of CPTED, as well as to analyze the relation between Integration value in Space syntax theory and the occurrence of opportunity crime, the police's perceived risk of crime. We made a database of the occurrence of crime and the police's perceived risk of crime after we carried out two questionnaires to the residents and the police officers. The following results were obtained: 1) We made it possible to observe potential level of Surveillance and the Territoriality by making the axial map. 2) The integration value is related to occurrence of crime and the police's perceived risk of crime.

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This study aims to clarify the meaning and failure of SAKAIDE Artificial Ground through analyzing the historical development process and method. The following three things have become clear. 1) SAKAIDE Artificial Ground had come to be the experimental and rare case of the redevelopment because it took too long around twenty years and the urban redevelopment law was constructed in 1969 under the development. 2) SAKAIDE Artificial Ground was the epoch-making technique of redevelopment contrast with condominium ownership based on land expropriation. 3) SAKAIDE Artificial Ground was close to another ground in terms of structure and equipment, but it had never been tried and defined legally, as a result, it was regarded as one of architectural floor.

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We survey residents values regarding their neighborhood and factories in this area. A 20 item questionnaire on the evaluation of factories was conducted for residents in Ibaraki. We used covariance structure models to examine for effects of their value systems. A factor analysis of the 20 item factories evaluation showed 5 upper factors; i.e. "evaluation as a regional resource", "evaluation as regional contribution", "evaluation as economic resource", "disaffection of living environment" and "evaluation as industrial tourism". Results of analysis of covariance structure model showed that the attitude toward factories in the area was directly related to the attitude toward neighborhood. Keywords: factories, residents consciousness, regional resources, evaluation structure, structural equation model.

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In this study, we make a casebook which introduces various residents living in the urban core of Takamatsu city with new life styles. Furthermore, by a survey using this casebook, we try to identify how the information of the casebook influences views and attitudes to urban-core life of suburbanites. The results are as follows: First, common features of life styles in the urban core are identified as intention of utilizing various services with high quality supplied in the core and attitudes of valuing life without cars. Second, surprisingly, the most significantly influenced generation is thirties. The reason is that their images of security, environment of child care, and education in the urban core are significantly improved by the information. Thus, we conclude that it is important to support and introduce urban-core residents with new life styles in order to promote living in urban core.

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In Japan, the similar age group has generally occupied the large proportion of residents in a housing estate. Therefore, the lifestyle must change completely as time has passed. On the other hand, the major life stage should be different according to the developing time. In this paper, the relationship between the lifecycle of estate and the major life stage of residents was analyzed by using the questionnaire data. As a result, it must be clear that there is a great difference in major life stage according to the developing time of each estate, although there is not a much difference of life cycle of residents. Furthermore, a model to predict the change of life stage as time has passed was proposed based on some major result. Finally, it was concluded that the resident's characteristics predicted by this model might be useful to deal with the trip demands in future.

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The hollowing effect of central urban areas has been a serious problem in local cities across the country. Solving this problem, residence in central urban areas has been promoted in many cities. Condominium construction is evaluated as a measure of residence in central urban areas. In this study, we carried out an investigation of land use changes due to condominium construction, questionnaires on condominium to residents and merchants in central urban area of Nagano city, which has attracted considerable attention as a city which has been successful in central urban areas revitalization. As a result, it was found that residents demand the accumulation of urban function and the park, and the past condominium construction has not made a great contribution to commerce revitalization.

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The aim of this study is to clarify the actual conditions and issues involved in promoting urban residences by matching residents of suburban housing estates with residents of the city center in the local city. As a case study, the awareness of residents of Hachinohe city regarding their living environment and migration were considered. A questionnaire survey was conducted among residents of a high-rise condominium in the city center and residents of detached houses in three suburban housing estates. The results are as follows: 1) The local administration guarantees rent for lessor property, provides assistance to lessees to cover part of their house rent, and rents lessor property for the duration of the lessors life. 2) Short-term leaseholds mean that the lessor can cancel the contract every few years. 3) The local administration establishes a non-governmental migration organization that helps lessees look for a house to rent immediately.

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This paper aims to clarify results and problems of Community Improvement and condition of community organization as an "actor providing community service and improving community environment", by analyzing Community Improvement Committees of Nabari City, Mie Prefecture.
Findings are as follows: 1) community organizations started to improve community living conditions by community empowerment policy of Nabari City. 2) This empowerment policy allows them to distribute their budget freely. 3) But there are some difficulties to manage providing community service and improving community environment. Because the budget is distributed according with population; budget amount of less population organization is smaller. 4) There is no cooperation system between them. 5) It is required to cooperate with volunteer groups to carry out their projects, and to execute profitable projects such as community business to retain more budgets.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the realization process of 'Community Based Ecotourism' in Candirejo Village which is located near the Borobudur Temple World Heritage. In this study we utilized interview and supporting documents to carry out the analysis of the process. Questionnaire was also taken place in order to make a comparative analysis with two other villages. The conclusion could be summarized as follows: 1) Realization process of Community Based Ecotourism in Candirejo Village can be divided into four phases; 2) Local community played a central role during the process and local initiatives have been the main factor of Candirejo Village development; 3) Even tough 'Community Based Ecotourism' was established in 2003, the realization process itself had been started since 1980; 4) Compared with other villages, Candirejo Village community has significant awareness to keep and conserve their village environment.

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The conservation of Andean cultural landscape has been a complex task due to, first of all, Spanish invasion followed by destruction (15th century ~ early 19th century), later neglect in the Republican period followed by modernization and urban sprawl from the mid-20th century onwards, increasing tourism in the past decade and finally, time. This paper intends to show the value of Andean cultural landscape as illustrated by the village of Ollantaytambo in the Urubamba river valley. First, we describe the village of Ollantaytambo, its heritage and present state. Then, we present its transformation influenced by economic changes and unplanned growth as drivers of change. Moreover, we show the problems that the cultural landscape is facing. Finally, we evaluate the different areas of the town in order to devise strategies for preservation and revitalization.

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The paper starts searches the origins of cultural landscape conservation. The method to analyze the development and changes in the cultural landscape conservation is based on the analysis of the legislative system. The paper describes how the approach to cultural landscape conservation has changed through the time; in an early stage, from the end of nineteenth century up to the middle of twentieth century, it has been imposed from central government as cultural value worth to be preserved beyond any other issue. From the second half of twentieth century cultural landscape conservation has been associated to planning. Such process has been completed in the twenty-first century as prefectures and provinces are now in charge of enhancement and promotion of the landscape. The paper in the conclusion focuses on the importance of local identity to ensure cultural landscape conservation.

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In recent years, the railway stations have been rebuilt into buildings complex with deep underground and high-rise by the redevelopment projects. These projects raise the attractiveness of stations and increase the numbers of users, but on the other hand, its complexity makes it hard for the users to get to their destinations. The purpose of this paper is to understand how pedestrians chose their route in such a large multilevel complex. This analysis was applied on Shibuya station, Tokyo, Japan. The pedestrian movements were measured, the spatial configuration was analyzed on Space Syntax theory, and from the results, an integrated model which includes isovist properties and some other variables was developed. As a result, it became clear that the choice of routes is influenced by one's visual range and the number of turns in addition to the shortest distance.

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On townscape Yokohama Chinatown is in contrast with the neighboring area inside Yamashita-cho in the ex-settlement area. Use and scale of lot are both fundamental factors to characterize townscape, and seem to contrast the two areas. This study aims to clarify the formational process of the contrast. Cadastres from 1916 to 1960 in Yamashita-cho were examined to pursuit the fact both on the change of land ownership and on division or integration of lot. As a result, it was clarified that the two events contrasted the two areas. Firstly, the land readjustment after the Great Earthquake Disaster accelerated division of lot. But lots were almost possessed by corporation or public near the waterfront out of the area called Chinatown later. Secondly, the requisition by the occupation forces after World War 2 was not applied to Chinatown. Private possession and division of lot were accelerated there but division of lot was frozen in the neighboring area under the requisition.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the cultural landscape of the foreigners promenade near the Yokohama colony area during the end of Edo Era and the Meiji era, using 298 pictures on the basis of Yokohama pictures and Yokohama post cards. The following three points were clarified. Firstly, ten types of the cultural landscape were classified. The most dominant cultural landscape taken by the above pictures were Cliff Landscape and Water Edge Landscape. Secondly, the most important factor to designate the landscape structure was the formation of the cliff. The geological features of the cliff gave various view points and scenery. Thirdly, the foreigners promenade was deliberately planned to enjoy these characteristics. It was the first parkway in Japan, after the modernization.

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