ウマイヤ朝期におけるカリフの称号 : 銘文・碑文・パピルス文書からの再検討

抄録

According to traditional understanding, "Caliph (khalifa)" stands for "the successor to the Apostle of God (Khalifat Rasul Allah)." Some scholars, however, claimed that its original meaning was "the Deputy of God (Khalifat Allah)." There are some issues to be considered in their argument. Firstly, they examined literary sources and inscriptional sources on the equal footing. Secondly, they did not examine other titles of Caliph as "Commander of the Faithful (Amir al-Mu'minin)" and "the Servant of God ('Abd Allah)." In this paper, the titles of Caliph in Umayyad period are examined based on inscriptional sources. The results of the investigation are: (1) the main title of Caliph was "Commander of the Faithful." The second title was "the Servant of God" and the formal form of reference to Caliphs was "the Servant of God, Caliph's name, Commander of the Faithful." The title "the deputy of God" appears only in the references to 5th Umayyad Caliph 'Abd al-Malik. (2) Titles of Caliph can be divided into two categories: title that concerned about the relation between Caliph and people ("the Commander of the Faithful"), and titles about the relation between Caliph and God ("the Servant of God," "the Deputy of God").(3) Adoption of the title "the Deputy of God" by 'Abd al-Malik was aimed to express the stronger connection between Caliph and God.