抄録
Amid the ongoing transformation of the global energy system and the sustained advancement of the low-carbon transition, deep, ultra-deep, and deep-sea oil and gas resources are increasingly becoming key domains supporting future energy security and technological innovation. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in petroleum geological theories, particularly in hydrocarbon accumulation dynamics, reservoir structural evolution, fluid migration mechanisms, and multi-scale structural analysis, providing new scientific foundations for the prediction, evaluation, and precise development of oil and gas under complex geological conditions. Meanwhile, continuous breakthroughs in drilling and completion, hydraulic fracturing, deep-sea drilling, and intelligent production technologies have enabled safe and efficient operations under high-temperature, high-pressure, high-stress, and strongly heterogeneous environments. However, challenges such as multi-field coupling effects in deep formations, intensified reservoir heterogeneity, engineering risks under extreme conditions, and the dual constraints of economic feasibility and carbon reduction remain critical barriers to sustainable development in this field. This paper systematically reviews recent advances in geological theories and engineering technologies for deep, ultra-deep, and deep-sea oil and gas exploration and development, analyzes the key challenges currently faced, and proposes strategic directions for future research, including the integrated enhancement of geological theory systems and the synergistic innovation of intelligent and green engineering technologies. The study aims to provide theoretical support and practical insights for advancing the scientific foundation and technological upgrading of oil and gas exploration and development.
