1950 年代河北省農村の「村意識」とその変容

抄録

Much research has been published on the subject of rural villages in north China, which describes a village as a non-community, borderless group. Because previous works have mostly been interested in the traditional village, they did not fully analyze the transitions that these villages underwent in the 1950s. In particular, these works are mainly interested in whether or not north China villages are closed communities, but are not interested in the requirements of villagers, and their sense for village land. However, these are issues that must be analyzed before considering whether or not north China villages are closed communities.
In section 1 I briefly marshal the views on north China given in previous works, and in section 2 I analyze the problem of village land. It has been proven that north China villagers did have a definite border-consciousness concerning land reform. I have also undertaken some analysis of crop-watching practice, traditionally called kanqing, in section 3. Because village borders in north China are generally considered to be same as the borders of crop watching, any changes in the village border imply changes in crop watching. In section 4, I analyze the requirements for being a villager and the peasants’ sense or awareness as villagers. When the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) executed land reform in rural villages, specific distinctions were drawn between insiders and outsiders. Such distinctions had some influence on the distribution of land and properties. Although such distinctions were strengthened when the CCP executed land reform, during the time of collectivization such distinctions weakened because land ownership had lost its significance.
This sense of village did not help the CCP to promote the execution of its policies such as land reform and collectivization, but rather hampered this process. At the time of higher-level collectivization, because every village had its own village consciousness, it was not easy to form a higher-level co-op. These difficulties reduced higher-level co-ops to smaller entities of similar size to primary level co-ops.